Uncle Tom’s Impact on 19th Century America

For slaves, the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ensured their doom in the perpetual cruelty of the slave market. This Act protected the rights of slaveholders, requiring – by law – that all slaves who escaped to the North be returned to their original owners. This action by the United States government contributed significantly to the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel was the first of its kind to express and fully embrace the idea that slavery should not be condoned. At the time this text was published, many Northerners took the pacifist approach by simply accepting the idea that â€Å"one person couldn’t change anything†, like St. Clare in the novel. Once this book was introduced to the Northern population, not only did it sell like hot cakes, but also it opened citizens’ eyes to the actual horrors occurring in the South, and under their same Constitution. They saw that merciless slave owners and continuous beatings left slaves with little hope and little faith. The sympathetic portrayal of slaves throughout the South lead many Northerners to side with the extreme abolitionists, which would soon create further tensions among the North and the South and eventually cause the friction prompting Southern states to secede and begin the Civil War. This progression of events inspired Abraham Lincoln’s famous quote to Harriet Beecher Stowe when he met her, â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that caused this great war? † Although the original intent of this novel was to educate the unaware masses, Stowe fell into some stereotypes of black men. When â€Å"Black Sam† received the order from Mrs. Shelby to slow down the retrieval of Eliza so that she may escape, it is clear that he does not care whether Eliza gets to freedom, but is purely interested in whether, if he succeeds, he can take over the spot of â€Å"trusted slave† that Tom filled. Stowe basically describes him as the â€Å"comic† black figure. A â€Å"comic† black figure is drawn into the book for the amusement of the white audience, which, in itself is a horrifying thought. This portrayal shows him grinning dumbly and failing to use large words correctly. He also is screeching in broad dialect and â€Å"seems ready to break into an comic dance†. It seems as if, especially with the inclusion of the cartoon, Stowe was playing into overdrawn racial stereotypes of the day, and implying that only some slaves had the capacity to function normally in society while others could not. Although Stowe mocks Haley (the slave catcher and seller) in this chapter, it seems as if the representation of the average slave undermines the positive image she is attempting to draw for slaves such as Uncle Tom, Eliza and George Harris. Some points made in the novel were ironic to me. I thought it was interesting how being a â€Å"white n—-â€Å" was something undesirable in the slave community. When a large slave comes up to Adolph and said â€Å"Law, now, boys! dis yer's one o' yer white n—–s, — kind o' cream color, ye know, scented! † The situation slaves were put them made them resent white people to such a degree that it was terrible to be a â€Å"white n—–â€Å". It is ironic also that they themselves used the term â€Å"white† with the derogatory term â€Å"nigger† to insult someone n their own community. One might have thought – given the ability whites had to roam free and easily – that being white was a good thing. Of course, being called â€Å"white† had more to do with the fact that these slaves associated â€Å"white n—-â€Å" as a portrayal of their oppressor, and by calling one of their own a â€Å"white n – – – – â€Å" they were lashing out at their oppressors and anyone who tried to emulate them. The idea of a â€Å"white n—-â€Å" also brings to mind how close these slaves are to their owners making the reader question â€Å"How different are these people that they can be considered property while I can be considered free? † No Doubt Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe had the power to turn average, every day, on the fence Americans into full-fledged abolitionists. Stowe was able to accomplish this by relating the oppressed slaves to people in every day life, whether it was through Eliza’s attachment to her son, or Tom’s embrace religion in the toughest of times. Stowe also shows that a girl who grew up in the heart of the South could show compassion for people she was raised to believe were so beneath her and so horrid. Her strength and faith – and her recognition that the key was to see slaves as people – also influenced those around her. Stowe’s fictional tale of Uncle Tom not only touched the heart of Northerners, it also touched Southerners, and – most importantly – it contributed to the commencement of a great civil war; one that would end with the emancipation of slaves everywhere.

Hawthorne Studies (Organisational Behaviour)

HAWTHORNE STUDIES The most important contribution to the human relations movement within organizational behavior came out of the Hawthorne studies undertaken at western electric company’s Hawthorne works in Chicago in between 1924 and 1932. Main researches were Elton Mayo, Dickson, Whitehead, and Rothlisberger. The researchers originally set out to study the relationship between productivity and physical working conditions. They conducted various researches in four phases with each phase attempting to answer the question raised at the previous phase.The four phases were; 1. Experiments to determine the effects of changes in illumination on productivity; Illumination experiments (1924-27) 2. Experiments to determine the effects of changes in hours and other working conditions on productivity; Relay assembly test room experiments (1927-28). 3. Conducting plant wide interviews to determine worker attitudes and sentiments, Mass interviewing program (1928-30). 4. Determination and analysis of social organization at work; Bank wiring observation room experiments (1931-32). Illumination experiments:-The experiments began in 1924 and extended over several years. The purpose was to examine the relation of quality and quantity of illumination to efficiency of industrial workers. Control and experimental groups were established. The experimental group was presented with varying illumination intensities, while the control group worked under a constant intensity. The researches were surprised to see that productivity increased to roughly the same rate in both the test and control groups. It was only in final experiment, where they decreased illumination levels to 0. 0f foot candle (roughly moonlight intensity) that an appreciable decline in output occurred. The engineers concluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity, but they could not explain the behavior they had witnessed. Relay assembly test room experiments:- Relay assembly test room experiments were designed to determine the effect of changes in various job conditions on group productivity as the illumination experiments could not establish relationship between intensity of illumination and production.For this purpose, the researchers set up a relay assembly test room and two girls were selected. These girls were asked to choose four more girls as company-workers. Following ere the changes and the resultant outcomes; 1. The incentive system was changed so that each girl’s extra pay was based on the other five rather than output of larger group. The productivity increased as compared to before. 2. Two five-minute rests –one in morning session and other in the evening session – were introduced which were increased to ten minutes.The productivity increased. 3. The rest period was reduced to five minutes but frequency was increased. The productivity decreased slightly and the girls complained that frequent rest intervals affected the rhythm of the work. 4. The number of rest pauses was reduced to two of ten minutes each, but in the morning, coffee or soup was served along with sandwich and in the evening, snack was provided. The productivity increased. 5. Changes in working hours and workday were introduced. Productivity again increased.As each change was introduced, absenteeism decreased, morale increased and less supervision was required. Mass interviewing program During the course of experiments, about 20,000 interviews were conducted between 1928 and 1930 to determine employee’s attitude towards company, supervision, insurance plans, promotion and wages. Initially these interviews were conducted by means of direct questioning but later it was changed to non-directive interviewing where interviewer was asked to listen to instead of talking, arguing or advising.During the course of interviews, it was discovered that worker’s behavior was being influenced by group behavior. Bank wiring observatio n room experiments The concluding study at Hawthorne was significant because it confirmed that the importance of one aspect of the informal organization on worker productivity. Specifically, the researchers studied workers in the bank wiring room and found the behavioral norms set by the work group had a powerful influence over the productivity of a group. The higher the norms, the greater the productivity.The lower the norms, the lower the productivity. The power of the peer group and the importance of the group influence on individual behavior and productivity were confined in the bank wiring study. Findings ?Workplaces are social environments and people are motivated by much more than economic self-interest. ?The girls were allowed to have a friendly relationship with their supervisor and they felt happier at work. ?They felt like part of a team when changes were discussed in advance with them. Flowing from the findings of these investigations he came to certain conclusions as fo llows: Work is a group activity. oThe social world of the adult is primarily patterned about work activity. oThe need for recognition, security and sense of belonging is more important in determining workers' morale and productivity than the physical conditions under which he works. oA complaint is not necessarily an objective recital of facts; it is commonly a symptom manifesting disturbance of an individual's status position. oThe worker is a person whose attitudes and effectiveness are conditioned by social demands from both inside and outside the work plant. Informal groups within the work plant exercise strong social controls over the work habits and attitudes of the individual worker. oThe change from an established society in the home to an adaptive society in the work plant resulting from the use of new techniques tends continually to disrupt the social organization of a work plant and industry generally. oGroup collaboration does not occur by accident; it must be planned an d developed. If group collaboration is achieved the human relations within a work plant may reach a cohesion which resists the disrupting effects of adaptive society.

An Employee Or Independent Contractor

2. If we assume Simone is an employee, is PR PRO in breach of a common law duty in relation to not giving Simone any days off work or holidays? 3. If we assume Simone is an employee, does she have an entitlement to notice, at common law or pursuant to legislation, if PR PRO decides to replace her? Common law introduced number of tests to identify the status of individual in organization: First test applicable by the Court’s are â€Å"Control Test†. This test is determined by Court in case law Zuljs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd[1]. In this case, Court held whether employer has right to exercise control over employee is considered as important element as compared to actual control exercised by employer. This element is the strong evidence of employer and employee relationship. It must be noted that control test and integration test are not the strong evidence on which Court takes their decision. In other words they are not considered stand alone test by Courts. There is one more test that is multiple indicia test, and this test was established in Steven’s v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd[2]. In this case, the main issue is whether Gray and Steven’s are employees or independent contractors. Court applied multiple indicia test for determining the employment status of Gray and Steven’s and stated that Steven’s was an independent contractor. However, Court also stated further developments regarding this test are completely based on the interpretation of future judges[3]. Later this test is confirmed in case Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited[4]. In this case Court held that bicycle couriers are not working as independent contractor but they are considered as employee of Vabu Pty Ltd. Therefore, Vabu Pty Ltd is vicariously liable for the act of its employee who never identified on personal basis by individuals because he wears uniform of Vabu[5]. High Court of Australia stated that now a day control cannot be considered as only factor to determine the status of individual in the company. Multiple indicia test includes: Employee relationship is stated if worker integrated into the business of employer such as wearing uniforms, signage on vehicles, etc. Employee relationship is stated if worker is entitled to entitlement and allowances such as Leave, superannuation, workers compensation. A worker is considered as independent contractor if he arranges the taxation matter at his own. A worker is considered as independent contractor if that person is tradesperson or professionals and conducting their own business. A worker is considered as independent contractor if he was engaged to perform some particular task, and worker is considered as employee if he was employed for some definite period. If remuneration is provided in wages then person is considered as employee, and if remuneration is in the form of lump sum, price per volume or as per results then worker is considered as independent contractor. If worker sets his own place and hours of work then he is considered as independent contractor. If worker have ability to delegate his work then he is considered as independent contractor. If employer has control over the conduct of worker then he is considered as employee of the company, and if employer has control over the reporting then worker considered as independent contractor[6][7]. In the present case, Simone working in PR PRO, and she entered into an agreement with PR PRO at the end of 2012, to operate from 1 January 2013 until 31 December 2016. This agreement stated that Simone was not an employee of the company but she is abiding by all the rules of the company. Simone wears the shirt which had logo of PR PRO and she received agreed percentage of sales she made but she also receive small amount of base payment on a monthly basis. She paid income tax directly to the taxation department. Working hours of Simone are not set and she uses her own car for meeting the clients but she gets no allowance for that. She gets training from specialized agency and PR Pro pays for it. It is necessary for Simone to keep her phone all the time so she can answer her clients, and she receives extra payment where work took weekend and public holiday hours. Simone never gets any entitlement related to personal leave or holiday leave and company has never offered her any paid holidays. In this case all multiple indicia test is applied which discover following factors: After considering all the above factors it is clear that she work as an independent contractor in PR PRO. Annual leave is also known as holiday pay in Australia which means employee must be paid while having time off from work. Annual leaves entitlement introduced by National Employment Standards (NES). Any time of award or agreement cannot provide annual leaves less than those stated by NES but they have right to give more annual leaves. Annual leaves become part of NES standards 1 January 2010 and standards of NES apply to all employees covered by the national workplace relations system. All employees except casual employees have right to get paid annual leaves[8]. An English case law Morley v Heritage plc [1993] IRLR 400. In this case, there is general rule which stated that every employee was entitled to annual leave for the period of four months per year. Full time and part time employees of the company have right to get 4 weeks of annual leave, and these leaves are based on their ordinary hours of work. Employer cannot breach standard of NES and in case of breach of NES standards court imposed penalty of $10,800 for an individual and $54,000 for a company[9]. Annual leaves accumulate from the day of joining of employee, even though probation period of employee is not over. Accumulation of annual leave is done when employee is on: Accumulation of annual leave is not done when employee is on: In the present case, on 1/12/2016 Simone had a stroke because of which she lost her capability to work in the foreseeable future, and doctor stated that reason of stroke was high stress level, and her obesity. The reason behind this is that she had no holidays or weekends free from work for a long time. Simone has right to get 4 week annual leave as an employee of the company and company breach their duty under common law by not providing annual leave to Simone. Therefore, PR PRO breach their and court can impose penalty of $54,000 for breach of NES standards. In this case, PR PRO breaches their duty under common law by breaching the standards of NES for annual leave. Employee has right to receive notice from employer, and employer cannot terminate the employment unless he gives written notice to the employee. It is necessary that employer must issue notice to the employee personally, send the notice at last updated address, and sending notice to employee by pre paid post[11].   Minimum time period for serving notice to the employee: An employer’s cannot terminate their employees unless they give minimum period of notice or make complete payment of employees they have worked. Total employment period of employee Employment period of employee is not more than 1 year Employment period of employee is more than 1 year but less than 3 years Employment period of employee is more than 3 year but less than 5 years Employment period of employee is more than 5 year Every employee of the company is entitled to receive minimum period of notice or payment under FW act, and the period of notice is depend on the length of service of employee. It is the duty of employer to ensure that whether employee is entitled for higher period of notice[13]. This can be understand with the case law that is Lavarack v Woods of Colchester [1967] 1 QB 278 ('Lavarack'). In this case, Court sets out the general principle that in case of termination, employee has right to claim for what he is legally entitled. In the present case, PR PRO decided to replace Simone because of her disability to work in near future. In this case, Simone is working in the company from last 4 years and as per the requirement of FW Act PR PRO is under obligation to serve minimum notice period to Simone. As per the requirement to serve minimum notice period the length of service of employee is considered. Simone is working from last four years in the company and she is entitled to receive notice for the minimum period of three weeks. PR PRO is under obligation serve 3 weeks’ notice period to Simone under FW Act. Zuljs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) 83 CLR 561. Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Company Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16. Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44 207 CLR 21; 75 ALJR 1356; 181 ALR 263 High Court of Australia, â€Å"Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44†Ã‚   9 August 2001, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2001/HCA/44. ATO, â€Å"Employee/contractor decision tool†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.ato.gov.au/calculators-and-tools/employee-or-contractor/. Law Teacher, â€Å"An Employee Or Independent Contractor†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/employment-law/an-employee-or-independent-contractor-employment-law-essay.php#ftn7. FWO, â€Å"Annual leave†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/annual-leave. FWO, â€Å"Annual leave†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/annual-leave. Australian Union, â€Å"Types of leave and public holiday entitlements factsheet†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.australianunions.org.au/types_of_leave_factsheet. Pattie Walsh, â€Å"Termination of Employment in Australia: Best Practice Guide†, 20 August 2013, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/257796/employee+rights+labour+relations/Termination+of+Employment+in+Australia+Best+Practice+Guide. FWO, â€Å"Notice of termination & redundancy pay†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/notice-of-termination-and-redundancy-pay. FWO, â€Å"Dismissal - how much notice†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/ending-employment/notice-and-final-pay/dismissal-how-much-notice. Zuljs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) 83 CLR 561. Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Company Pty Ltd(1986) 160 CLR 16. Brenda Marshall, â€Å"Working it out- Employee or independent contractor†, 12, no. 5 (2006). https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=nle. (Accessed on 27 th January 2017). Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44 207 CLR 21; 75 ALJR 1356; 181 ALR 263. High Court of Australia, â€Å"Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44†Ã‚   9 August 2001, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2001/HCA/44. ATO, â€Å"Employee/contractor decision tool†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.ato.gov.au/calculators-and-tools/employee-or-contractor/. Law Teacher, â€Å"An Employee Or Independent Contractor†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/employment-law/an-employee-or-independent-contractor-employment-law-essay.php#ftn7. FWO, â€Å"Annual leave†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/annual-leave. FWO, â€Å"Annual leave†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/annual-leave. Australian Union, â€Å"Types of leave and public holiday entitlements factsheet†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.australianunions.org.au/types_of_leave_factsheet. Pattie Walsh, â€Å"Termination of Employment in Australia: Best Practice Guide†, 20 August 2013, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/257796/employee+rights+labour+relations/Termination+of+Employment+in+Australia+Best+Practice+Guide. FWO, â€Å"Notice of termination & redundancy pay†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/notice-of-termination-and-redundancy-pay. FWO, â€Å"Dismissal - how much notice†, accessed on 27 th January 2017, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/ending-employment/notice-and-final-pay/dismissal-how-much-notice. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Congruence model assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Congruence model assignment - Coursework Example For instance, he ineffectively proposed and oversaw the integration between the different categories of the subsidiaries. Dissatisfaction in the tasks has led to people leaving the company at an alarming rate. For instance, Saunders contents that he is staring at three resignations from his top sales people because of dissatisfaction. The sensitive point is the relationship between the subsidiaries and the way they are respectively managed. The structure is not compact and flexible enough to realize a need for change amid growing levels of dissatisfaction and employees. The structure does not seem to give rise to sufficient manpower to manage the available work processes. Decision making processes are not fruitful in the long run. Saunders seems to blame Jim for proposing the merging of the subsidiaries. This is a structural decision that left the sales people asking to resign. The structure (attached in the appendix) is not as compact as expected. For example, the president seems to be in charge of all operations while the second-in-command groups have little to do with the decisions of the company apart from financial. That is why the unity of all the subsidiary teams is not close and

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data Analysis - Essay Example lyse the association between increase in productivity and decrease in cost, decrease in lost images, increase in quality of images, decrease in repeated examination/rejected films, and examination time. As can be seen from figure 4 to 7, it appears that there was strong or very strong association between increase in productivity and variables decrease in cost, decrease in lost images, increase in quality of images, decrease in repeated examination/rejected films, and examination time. The strongest correlation was between increase in productivity and decrease in examination time, therefore, taking variable decrease in examination time as independent variable for predicting increase in productivity (dependent variable). Decrease in examination time significantly predicted increase in productivity,  ÃŽ ² = .90,  t(48) = 14.07,  p   In conclusion, there is strong association between increase in productivity and decrease in cost, decrease in lost images, increase in quality of images, decrease in repeated examination/rejected films, and examination

For or against animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For or against animal testing - Essay Example orkshop and gave conclusions on ethical recommendations on animal experimentation and clinical studies, whereas, much as the participants would want to see the use of animals in researched phased out, it still remains as a long term goal (European Forum for Good Clinical Practice). If the practice is to stop now without alternatives in place, it would have a damaging effect on the research and development of new medicines that may save a lot of people. The fact remains that people still want safe medicines. The workshop has provided an avenue for different perspectives to be discussed. Key actors from different stand points were given an opportunity to share their opinions. A member from the European Parliament, representatives from the pharmaceutical industry, the animal protection group, the ethics committee and patients, all came to a common ground central to the ethical principles of doing no harm to the human participants and avoiding animal testing whenever possible. However, it is in this point in time that this practice cannot be avoided if we are to continue our quest for cures and better treatments. It is then the responsibility of all to make sure that certain conditions are met like avoidance of unnecessary animal testing and to make sure that alternatives to animal use are being sought (European Forum for Good Clinical Practice). It is not to say that those who are agree to animal testing, would like to see the animals suffer or be treated inhumanely. These people are just addressing a present reality that mankind for its survival, need science research to progress and that alternative to animal testing are not at the moment present. The challenge therefore, is to ensure that researchers adhere to the applicable laws, regulations and policies governing animal testing including the Animal Welfare Act and Public Health Policy for Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Further to this, the US Food and Drug Authority advocates that research

The Daily Mail is considered by many to be problematic. What (if any) Essay - 2

The Daily Mail is considered by many to be problematic. What (if any) is the problem with the Daily Mail and why is it like this - Essay Example s, The Daily Mail has come to face a lot of criticism for publishing some stories that have ended up not being true or those that are controversial and this has led to a situation where it has come to be viewed as problematic in some circles. One of the reasons why The Daily Mail has come to be considered problematic is based on the belief that its highly conservative nature has led to a situation where it has been accused of promoting the worst in British society. This is especially the case where this newspaper has been accused of publishing articles that essentially promote racism as well as discrimination against immigrants. Such instances are seen through its bringing to the fore incidents that occur rarely and promoting them as the face of those that take place on a daily basis (Pilger, 1998). Among these is the highlighting of those rare cases where immigrants are provided with housing and allowances by the government at the taxpayers’ expense. The Daily Mail has been accused of using these rare cases as a means of promoting the belief within British society that the presence of immigrants is detrimental to it and that it has to be opposed at all costs. Furthermore, this paper’s opposition to immigra tion has created a situation where there has been an increase in hostility towards immigrants from society who have come to believe that these individuals are taking advantage of them to secure themselves economically. It is necessary to note that this newspaper rarely publishes the stories of those immigrants whose need is quite genuine and those who have come to Britain not out of choice but because of necessity considering such conditions as war in their home countries. It is through such one sided views that has led to The Daily Mail being considered not to be impartial in its reporting. The Daily Mail is a newspaper that has been mired in controversy in recent years as a result of publishing stories that have lacked credibility. This was the case when

The Government System of the State of Nebraska Term Paper

The Government System of the State of Nebraska - Term Paper Example Politically, the agitation for statehood was largely by Republicans who were also behind the drafting of the constitution. Early amendments were undertaken such that the most formal definition of the Nebraska Constitution is the document written and approved in 1875, which makes it the 17th oldest state constitution (Miewald, Longo and Schultz, 2010). Â  A good number of changes have been made to the constitution of the state of Nebraska such that it is nearly unrecognizable from the 1966 draft as it has been amended 228 times (Gless, 2008). Throughout its timeline and amendments, perhaps, the most notable and significant moment is the conversion of the state's legislature to unicameral one in 1934. After 68 years of traditional bicameral-senate and house of representatives-legislature, the people of Nebraska voted in the unicameral legislature with the first session being held in 1937. The change took effect after observing on-goings in Queensland Australia, which had itself adopted the unicameral legislature ten years earlier. The proponents in Nebraska observed that the bicameral legislature was based on the British system where there is the presence of the House of Lords, which was deemed as undemocratic. To date, Nebraska remains the only state in the USA with a single-house legislature (Foran, 2002). Â  This consists of six officers, a number of departments, several governmental agencies and several state bodies (Heineman, 2010). The six executive officers are the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, treasurer and the attorney-general. The supreme executive power of the state is vested in the governor, with their duty being to ensure the constitution is protected, and the state is run efficiently.

Assessment of Systematic Process of Recruitment and Selection Term Paper

Assessment of Systematic Process of Recruitment and Selection - Term Paper Example Hiring is an essential aspect of human resource planning which assists in the determination of the number and individuals the firm requires. Organizations strive to attain a diverse workforce. Human resource has continuously evolved, giving diversity in organizations a new face. Though different organizations have different meanings and definition of diversity, contemporary diversity in work places engrosses more than the conventional view that centers on races and gender (Bohlande & Snell, 2011). Changing markets and demographics of labor force have necessitated organizations to intensify their diversity recruitment programs. Diversity in recruitment programs in organizations plays a significant role (CIPD, 2012). Moreover, social media are imperative in recruitment and selection, in the contemporary world. Social media connect people from different parts of the world and have dramatically changed recruitment. Gone are the days when recruitment was narrow and local. This paper criti cally evaluates the systematic process of staffing, and significance of diversity and social media in the process. Recruitment and Selection The recruitment process of any organization is often the first contact an individual has with the organization, bearing in mind that all participants are already or might also become customers of the organization (Farnham, 2010). A successful recruitment is dependent on finding the right people to make a positive input in the principles and objectives of the company. Aptitude and competence is the core basis of the selection process in order to make an input into the organization's efficacy (Kew & Stredwich, 2010). Different authors and scholars have given the term â€Å"recruitment† different meanings. In an organization, recruitment ceases to play a part when the organization ceases to exist. In reference to Stone (2002), recruitment process refers to the process of enlisting people and outsourcing for competent people for employment. This process starts when employers seek new recruits and ends when the applicants submit their applications. This results to a pool of applicants from which the employer selects the best candidates. The main aim of recruitment and selection is to get the right person for the right job position. Authors and scholars have argued that selection resolutions are the most significant decisions of an employer. This is because they influence the employer’s aptitude to attain targets, the superiority of products and services conveyed to the consumer and the welfare of the company team (Taylor, 2005). The ability of an organization to succeed in its goals depends on how well it can identify the various activities that must occur and the quality of the individuals selected to perform them (Marchington & Wilkinson, 2008). It is the responsibility of management to ensure that both activities and personnel are appropriate. By carefully analyzing the purpose, responsibilities and qualificat ions of each job, the selection pro

Discuss the uses of recombinant DNA technology with respect to Essay

Discuss the uses of recombinant DNA technology with respect to medicine - Essay Example From a medical viewpoint, recombinant DNA technology can have immense potential. For example, many diseases are caused by the lack of certain genes or faulty protein production which leads to impaired functioning of important biochemical pathways. By using recombinant DNA technology to complement those defects and producing the lacking protein it is possible to effectively treat these diseases. An extremely successful example of this particular use is the case of insulin production for the treatment of diabetes. Previously, insulin for treatment used to be isolated from bovine sources, by extracting the pancreatic tissue and purifying insulin from here. However, two major problems are immediately obvious: first, this is extremely labor-intensive, yields are low and therefore it becomes expensive and quantities are limiting, thus treatment becomes an expensive option. Second, due to the exquisite specificity of our immune systems, the bovine protein is immediately differentiated from the human and this could lead to rejection by our immune system. Recombinant DNA using the human gene would solve this problem as the gene and therefore protein would be the human variety and would not be rejected. Second, since cloning is most often done in bacteria which have short doubling times, the massive amplification of the gene and therefore the protein leads to cheaper bulk production and lowers costs. Insulin therefore has become far more available for treatment with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Growth hormone has also been successfully used this way. Another application of this technology is in the production of vaccines. Historically, the identification of antigens and the production of vaccines against them has been a laborious task. It involved purifying various protein components from viruses or bacteria after culturing them, and testing them in animal subjects to determine their antigenicity. The major problems there were, first, the difficulty in purifying those microbial toxins due to contamination, low concentrations etc., and furthermore, viruses and certain bacteria, like Mycobacterium, are obligate parasites and cannot be grown in vitro cultures in order to purify their components. By cloning their genes via PCR amplification and cloning into bacterial expression hosts, we can circumvent these issues and skip past the rate-limiting step of purification since cloning produces proteins in bulk. This strategy has been used with some success for many viruses, including the HBV virus. (Medscape). However this is not without its own problems when one looks at the evolution of viral antigens and the rate of mutation and development of new strains. Nevertheless DNA technology has speeded up the development of vaccines to a point where we now hold a sporting chance against these diseases. The technology is also used in the field of diagnostics. PCR and other DNA technology techniques are used to determine if people are carriers of cystic fibrosis genes, Huntington's disease gene and to help in gene therapy for these diseases. PCR and DNA

Retaining Customers Essay Example for Free

Retaining Customers Essay BT is one of the largest communications companies in the world. One of the services they offer is residential or personal communications solutions. Even though they now have competition from other companies offering consumers substitutes for their service, they still hold the largest market share of providing residential customers with telephone lines. For BT to maintain this market share, they must retain the customers they have. I will be recommending how they can retain their customer base as well as winning new customers. I will be looking at several models and theories in order to do this. * Making Customers into Champions * The case of the complaining customer * The tip of the Iceberg Model From BT a customer receives a core service. Telephony. The customer expects the telephone in their home to be working when they pick it up. They are not going to be wowed by the service if it is just working. However, when the customer makes contact with BT to enquire, change or add something they will use this opportunity to form a perception of BTs Customer Service. Most people who move to a different telephone provider do so because they perceive indifference in the people they do business with at their current company. Customer feedback tells BT that one of the biggest drivers of dissatisfaction is the difficulty in registering their complaint with BT. A large part of this dissatisfaction stems from a lack of promised callbacks and an initial difficulty in escalating their issue. This feedback has been substantiated by OFTEL in that the number of customers contacting them to complain that they have not received a promised call back has been increasing. OFTEL have given BT a very clear indication that they expect this situation to be addressed and therefore it is paramount that the following recommendations are implemented immediately. * Own, Decide, Do Training to be rolled out to all Customer Service Advisors. When a complaint is received in the 150 call centres the individual must own the complaint, make a decision about what to do with it and follow any promised action up with a call to the customer to let them know what happened. * Keeping the customer informed With some complaints resolution may not be speedy. There may be some technical difficulties, which hold resolution up. The customer does not know this and will perceive any periods of silence as the indifference of BT to their complaint. Keeping the customer informed of progress or news (good or bad) will enhance the customers perception of BT * EDCSMs (Event Driven Customer Service Measures), the service that BT offer customers must be analysed in order to measure its success. Through BTs sophisticated SMART datatbase, every contact with the customer is logged with the id of the advisor who took the call. This way trends can be spotted as well as training areas The barriers for the customer to successfully register their complaint are as follows: * The BT shunt BT is a huge business with over 20 large call centres taking in the freephone 150 (customer service) calls. It is very easy for complaints to get lost in the system. * The call steering system. There are many different numbers to press for different departments. It is difficult to speak to a human * The Call Handling Time that advisors are encouraged to adhere to. This measure the amount of time they are talkng with each customer in order to keep the Percentage of calls answered as high as possible. * Poor training and coaching target based coaching instead of skills based coaching In the longer term there are some other changes that should be implemented by BT over a period of time in order to instil enhanced behaviours in all employees. Traditionally employees of a company see a complaining customer as being a nuisance. BA challenged this when they introduced the Making Customers into Champions Model. This model can be directly applied to BT, who is, itself, striving to provide World Class Customer Service. This model labels different sectors of the customer base and how likely they are to contact BT with any dissatisfaction they may have and how easy it is to register this dissatisfaction. If the customer has a complaint and they cannot register this in any way, they may feel tempted to try a different provider. If the complaint is not registered then BT has not had a chance to resolve the complaint. If BT has a chance of resolving the issue, if it is resolved skilfully and well, research suggests that this could actually enhance the customers perception of BT. So, in short, a customer complaint can turn in to a glowing report for BT. Furthermore, if we make BTs customers in to champions, BT can learn from the mistakes they have made that might have caused complaints in order that they do not occur again. * A dissatisfied customer will tell between 10 and 20 other people about their problem * A customer who has had a problem resolved will tell 5 people about their situation The case of the complaining customer is a valuable study that BT should already have taken heed of. The problems experienced by Mr Shelton almost mirror the experiences some BT customers have when things go wrong and customer relations are tested to the full. It may be tempting for some employees working for such a huge cash cow as BT to believe that BT can afford to lose difficult customers. This study shows that whilst few customers actually take the time and energy that Mr Shelton did to complain, there are actually many other dissatisfied customers (Mr Shelton is just the tip of the Iceberg). These customers are the missing in action group and will just quietly take their custom elsewhere and thus impact significantly on BTs profit margins. The article points out that whilst it would be easy for us to read Mr Sheltons contacts with the company as neurotic, in actual fact Mr Shelton has responded very emotionally to the way he feels his complaint has been dealt with. Customers should be allowed to vent their feelings, feel listened to and valued before their problem is resolved. They are experiencing feelings of powerlessness and this will be compounded if they feel that an advisor is not listening to them. Paraphrasing can be a useful tool here, to show empathy and check for understanding. TARP published a graphic representing the Tip of the Iceberg Principle. It indicates that consumer complaints to a third party are only a small portion of those that exist. Theyre just the visible portion and reflect the much broader picture. This demonstrates how important it is for BT to be proactive in gaining feedback from customers at every possible opportunity. It was not the tip of the iceberg that sunk the Titanic, and it will not affect the business greatly if just those visible customers were dissatisfied with BTs service. Those that leave quietly will have the greatest impact and BT will have little or no information as to why they left. BT must strive to deal with any customer requests the first time every time. Here is a list of my recommendations for BT for implementing across the board over the next 12 months in order to retain customers. * A review of the training process all training should be underpinned with updated balance scorecard and appropriate coaching given by line managers * Quality must come before quantity. If all customers were dealt with the first time they called, there would be less calls * Approach customer complaints as a chance to dazzle and delight customers and enhance a customers perception of BT through a training programme * Work together with different departments and not as adversaries. Promote teamwork * Introduce an incentive scheme for teams and individuals who achieve excellent customer relations * Use customer feedback more effectively (EDCSMs)- find out what customers want/expect then exceed this * Give staff more responsibility and authority to deal with complaints. Allow then to be flexible when it comes to procedural rules. Stop quoting BT policy. * Allow a measure of redress such as goodwill payments and compensation payments In implementing the above and re-training staff, BT will retain greater numbers of customers. Existing customers (especially those we have information about) are an ideal group to market new products to as well gain information from about how to improve on the products and services BT has.

Vikki and Tim decide to meet with a mortgage lender Essay Example for Free

Vikki and Tim decide to meet with a mortgage lender Essay Vikki Rocco, (age 26) has been living in her apartment for three years. Her savings system is well organized and she feels comfortable about the progress she is making with her financial goals. Her credit card balance is now paid in full monthly. She is continuing to save more than 10% of her gross salary in her 401(k) plan and she stay within budget. After dating for two years, she is engaged to Tim Treble (age 28), and they are planning to be married in nine months. Because they want to buy a house within the next 2 or 3 years, Vikki and Tim decide to meet with a mortgage lender to determine how large of a mortgage they will be able to afford an what they need to save. The mortgage lender asks them both questions about their finances that they hadn’t yet considered. Although Vicky feel comfortable with the questions, Tim is nervous when he forced to take a closer look at his finances. He discovers that he has much more debt than he realized. Vikki and Tim’s financial statistics are shown below : Assets Liabilities Checking Account *$10,500 (Vikki), $4,000 (Tim) Including their emergency funds Student Loan $9,000 Credit Card Balances (Tim) Car $2,500 (Vikki), $15,000 (Tim) 401 (k) balance $25,000 (Vikki), $8,000 (Tim) Income Monthly Expenses Gross Annual Salary $50,000 (Vikki) $48,000 (Tim) After-Tax Monthly Salary $2,917 (Vikki) $2,800 (Tim) Rent $750 (Vikki), $450 (Tim) Food $250 (Vikki), $350 (Tim) Student Loan $250 Credit Card Payment $300 (Tim) Entertainment-$300 Wedding Expenses $500 Gas/Repairs $350 (combined) Retirement Savings : 401 (k) Vikki $500 per month, plus 50% employer match on first 7% of pay. Tim $400 per month, plus 50% match on first 8% of pay

Theoretical Approaches Of The Elderly Abuse Social Work Essay

Theoretical Approaches Of The Elderly Abuse Social Work Essay 2-1- Introduction In the upcoming chapter, the title will be review of research literature. This chapter considered as the heart of research supervises al the time research stages and is theoretical and performance guidance of research. This chapter consists of three main topics. The first topic titled review of research theoretical literature deals with theoretical approaches of the elderly abuse including definition, forms and associated theories. Outlines and former subject researches about the elderly abuse which have been done by different domestic and international researchers in forms of bachelor, master, doctoral theses or research projects were labeled as review of experimental research literature and forms the second topic of this chapter. And finally, the last topic which will be discussed in this chapter is elective theoretical research frame that we will try to review the former two topics (theoretical and experimental literature) and discuss theories and approaches which will be used reg arding the influential factors on elderly abuse in Malaysia and based on them other stages of research will be followed up in future chapters. Now in this part, firstly theoretical fundamentals of research will be discussed and then the assessment of experimental research literature inside and outside of the country will be covered: 2-2- Review of theoretical literature The following sentences relates to theoretical dimensions and conceptive environment of research topic. In another word, explanations and theoretical approaches about the elderly abuse including definition and effective factors are issues that will be covered and it will be tried that by exploring these topics, thought and mind environments of research will be clarified and we would be able to provide a background for future chapters, particularly results, conclusion, and suggestions. 2-2-1- The Definition of the Abuse of the Elderly Although there is an absence of agreed or standard definitions of abuse, commented on by McCreadie (1996) and others, a number of definitions of elder abuse have emerged. Early attempts at defining mistreatment in the UK context were relatively specific as seen, for example, in the following: A single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person (Action on Elder Abuse, 1995) However, later definitions tend to have been more widely drawn, as in the recent government document, No Secrets, in which the definition is given as: Abuse is a violation of an individuals civil or human rights by any other person or persons (DoH, 2000). Given the lack of consensus concerning definition, which ultimately may not result in any major difficulty (Penhale, 1993), it is at least reassuring to find that most people concerned with the issue agree on the different types of mistreatment that can happen. The usual types of mistreatment included within most definitions are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, financial abuse (also referring to exploitation and misappropriation of an individuals property and possessions), psychological and emotional abuse. When considering neglect, separate, stand-alone definitions do not usually appear, with neglect often appearing as a sub-type of abuse. Thus in the Social Services Inspectorate (1993) definition, elder abuse is described as: . . . physical, sexual, psychological or financial. It may be intentional or unintentional or the result of neglect (DoH, 1993, para 2.1). More recently, draft guidance issued by the Social Services Inspectorate indicates that abuse may occur: . . . as a result of a failure to undertake action or appropriate care tasks. It may be physical, psychological, or an act of neglect . . . (DoH, 1999, para 2.7). Neglect and acts of omission are then further delineated as: . . . including ignoring medical or physical care needs, failure to provide access to appropriate health, social care or educational services, the withholding of the necessities of life, such as medication, adequate nutrition and heating (DoH, 1999, para 2.8). To these may be added such categories as enforced isolation and deprivation of necessary items for daily living (warmth, food or other aspects, such as teeth). In general, however, situations of self-neglect by an older person would not be considered within the UK perspective of mistreatment. Although many practitioners work with older individuals who self-neglect, usually this is not considered within an elder mistreatment or indeed an adult protection framework. Abuse within institutions also encompasses situations that arise because of the regime or system that may operate in the unit in addition to individual acts of abuse that occur. There also may be abusive situations that arise between a resident and a member of care staff, initiated by the older person as protagonist, so there may be dual directionality of abuse, or unidirectional abuse from resident towards staff member (McCreadie, 1996). Neglect within institutions may arguably be more pervasive and insidious, affecting the daily lives of many residents in a myriad of ways, from overt to covert. According to the American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs (1987), with elderly abuse has several forms and definition is as follows: any act of commission or omission that results in harm or threatened harm to the health and benefit of an old people. The Select Committee on Aging defined the following categories of abuse: physical abuse, Neglect, emotional abuse, financial abuse, and self-neglect. In its most common usage, elder abuse is an all-inclusive term representing all types of mistreatment or abusive behavior toward older adults. Abusive acts include the following: striking, burning, threatening, abandoning, starving older adults, or taking their property without consent. If an act of violence, such as a slap, occurs only once, by most standards it is probably not considered to be elder abuse. If it happens fairly often or results in the hospitalization of the victim, the action is deemed abuse; likewise, threatening with a gun, sexual assault, or other mark edly violent acts need only occur once (Wolf, 2000).A shocking way for elderly people to spend their final days is in a state of maltreatment known as elder abuse. Although it can occur in institutions, it is most often suffered by frail elderly people living with their spouses or their children (Papalia aIds, 1995). 2-2-2- Forms of Older Adult Abuse There are many types of abuse that affect older adults. According to Gray-Vickrey (2001), the five most common types of abuses are as follows: 1. Neglect, whether intentional or unintentional, accounts for 49% of substantiated elder abuse cases. Neglect generally to happen when a care provider to not do what is excepted for an old people with adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or assistance with activities of daily living. 2. Emotional abuse, the willful infliction of anguish through threats, intimidation, humiliation, and isolation, is involved in 35% of cases. 3. Financial abuse is the misuse of someones property and resources by another person. Financial or material exploitation occurs in 30% of cases. 4. Physical abuse, the use of physical forces that results in pain, impairment or bodily injury, accounts for 25% of substantiated elder abuse cases. Hitting, slapping, restraining, molesting, biting, burning, pushing, or pulling all qualify as physical abuse. 5. Sexual abuse is another extremely devastating form of the abuse of older adults. Sexual abuse can be seen as a type of physical abuse (Arbetter, 1995). However, it is often discussed separately due to the different types of harm inflicted upon older adults. In one study, researchers found that the urogenital injury due to sexual abuse was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Prevalent among elderly people (Muram, Miller, Culter, 1992). There main sexual abuse behaviors are mentioned frequently in relevant literatures. First activity or activities which are done without any physical contacts. They something are called Hand off behaviors. A common form of hand-off abuse is to make the victim to watch pornographic sceneries, exhibition and voyeuristic activities. The second form of sexual abused is called Hand-on behaviors involving some physical contact with the victim. The third and most dramatic form of sexual abuse is a kind of painful action on victims sexual or rectal region.(Ramsey, Klawsnick, 1999). On the other hand, Pritchard (1999) introduced another category of abuse among older people which are commonly seen by health professionals: History of incest between mother and son. Husband wife sexual abuse. Older gay man abused in the community. Research is mixed concerning the victim-offender relationship in elder sexual abuse cases. Muram et al. (1992) compared the medical record of older sexual assault victims (n=53) to younger sexual assault victims (n=55) and found that older adults were more likely to be assaulted by strangers and to have the assault occur in their home. Johnson (1995) seems to agree, stating, Most sexual assaults of elderly women occur in the victims home by an assailant who is unknown to the victim (p.221). Research by Ramsey-Klawsnick (1991) and Holt (1993) suggested slightly different patterns. Ramsey-Klawsnick (1991) asked twenty adult protective service workers to identify and describe cases of sexual abuse among older adults they have seen in the past. The case workers identified twenty-eight cases of sexual abuse, with eighty one percent of the cases reportedly committed by caregivers. Seventy-eight percent of the abusers were relatives, with sons representing the majority of offenders. Research by Holt (1993), studied seventy-seven elder sexual abuse cases in Great Britain and found that fifty percent of the cases were committed by sons of the victims. None of the sexual assaults in Holts study were committed by strangers. According to NCEA (1998), sexual assault is a problem that is usually not associated with older adults, often accounting for approximately less than 1% of reported elder maltreatment cases. There is other dramatic type of psychological abuse. This kind of abuse can be demonstrated in different forms such as threats, bargaining, seduction, stalking or manipulation ( Marshal, Benton, Brazier, 2000). The most common characteristics of this kinds of abuse is their difficulty to be assessed. Johnson (1995) stated that they psychological abuse are not concrete, so they are hard to be assessed. According to Quirm and Tomita (1997), psychological abuse is an integral part of other types of abuse. Victims often report being threatened with nursing home placement if they protest physical abuse or if they threaten to tell someone outside of the family, or if they refuse to hand over money. According to NCEA (1998), psychological abuse accounted for approximately 35% of the cases of maltreatment reported in 1996. A well known form of abuse can be financial abuse which extremely traumatic in nature. In order to recognize financial abuse, it is suggested to have the following items in mind: Unusual transaction in bank activities. Older persons inability to sign other documents such as power of attorney, will or other bank drafts. Care givers disappear suddenly. D) There is a lack of amenities, when the estate can afford it (Quinn Tomita, 1997). Larue (1992) suggests that financial abuse might have been even more common than reports indicate because it is so difficult to detect. Research that relies on interviews with people in their communities instead of abuse complaints filed with governmental agencies tends to support this view. For example, Canadian researchers who randomly sampled citizens at home showed financial exploitation to be more common than neglect (Podnieks, Pillemer, Nicholson, Shillington, Frizzell, 1990). According to Welfel, Danzinger, and Santoro (2000), the financial exploitation of older adults ometimes experienced through fraudulent telemarketing schemes or through unscrupulous contractors who are strangers are not the primary domains of elder mistreatment laws. Criminal statutes relating to fraud and extortion are probably better suited to deal with such schemes. However, if a person befriends an older person and begins caring for that older adult in order to take money or material goods from him or her, that person would likely be subject to the elder abuse statutes. The most common form of the abuse of older adults is neglect, which involves failure to provide essential physical or mental care for an older person. Physical neglect includes withholding food or water, failing to provide proper hygiene, or neglecting to offer physical aid or safety precautions. Neglect needs not to be intentional; it sometimes occurs when the caregiver is unable to provide the older person with proper care (Lachs Pillemer, 1995). Overall, 49% of the reports of elder maltreatment involve neglect and maltreatment, either intentional or unintentional (NCEA, 1998). Abandonment is a particular form of neglect. The state of Connecticut defines abandonment as the desertion or willful forsaking of an elder by a caretaker or foregoing, withdrawal, or neglect of duties and obligations owned an elder by a caretaker or others (Fulmer, Mc Mahon, Baer-Hines, Forget, 1992, p. 506). According to the American College of Emergency Physicians (1999), scenarios of abandonment include family members dropping off elderly persons, boarding homes or nursing homes dropping off elderly persons, and, in some cases, elderly persons seeking out care in emergency rooms on their own because they are unable to care for themselves. There are times when the neglect older adults suffer results from their own actions or inactions. This problem is referred to as self-neglect. Older adults may self-neglect when they fail to take medications, repeatedly skip meals, use alcohol or other drugs to excess, or fail to attend to personal hygiene. Often, such self-neglect is associated with untreated physical or mental health problems, especially depression (Quinn Tomita, 1997). Tatara (1996) suggested that as many as one third of elder abuse cases involve self-neglect or self-abuse. The NCEA (1997) gathered data about self-neglect and found that self-neglect cases are those that are most often dealt with by protective service employees. Estimates of the extent of self-neglect are likely low because most elderly persons who are neglecting themselves would be unlikely to report their self-neglect to authorities (Hall, 1987). Byers and Lamanna (1993) further note that protective service workers often find these cases the mos t difficult to handle because efforts to stop the self neglect are resisted by the victim. 2-2-3 Factors that Contribute to the elder abuse Everitt, OMalley, and Campion, (1983). (a) Those focusing on the victims dependency: That is, there are a variety of factors that may contribute to older adult abuse and neglect. According to Bennett and Kingston (1993) and Biegel and Blum (1990), several factors predisposing elderly abuse by caresr include    : (1) mental and physical dependence to one family, (2) poor communication or a failure of relationship, (3) considerable change in a caregivers lifestyle,(4) perceptions of caregivers towards dependence of older persons, (5) frequent visits to general practitioners by the informal caregivers to talk about their problems, (6) role reversal, and (7) isolation of the household. Preliminary hypotheses regarding the cause of elder mistreatment that was based on case reports and early studies were reviewed by OMalley on physical and mental impairment of an older adult, (b) Those emphasizing the effect of stress on the caregiver, (c) Those concerned with the influence of families who have learned to solve problems by being violent with one another, (d) Those that focus on the individual problems of the abuser, and (e) Effects of a society, which casts older adults in the role of non-persons through ageism, sexism, and destructive attitudes toward the disabled and toward those who are perce ived to be unattractive. Several researchers have identified various risk factors that can potentially lead to mistreatment or abuse of older adults. According to Anastasio (1981), risk factors that characterize precipitators are inability to provide care, financial needs and inability to maintain ones home. For victims, the risk factors include functional impairment and adverse physiological change. There are a variety of probable causes of the abuse of older adults. Most causes of abuse are committed in residential rather than institutional settings, and the most likely culprits are spouses, children, siblings, relatives, or paid caregivers. In older persons, the most common types of maltreatment are neglect, emotional/psychological abuse, and physical abuse (Marshall, Benton, Brazier, 2000). Other risk factors in abuse are (1) shared living arrangements between the elder person and the abuser, (2) dependence of the abuser on the victim, and (3) social isolation of the elder pers on. The typical victim is an elderly person in poor health that lives with someone. Elderly people living alone, whether widowed, divorced, or never married are at low risk. The abuser is more likely to be a spouse than a child, reflecting the fact that more elderly people live with their spouses than with children; and the risk factor is greater when the caregiver is depressed (Pillemer Finkelhor, 1988: Paveza, et al. 1992). Although many older men are abused, abuse against women inflicts more injuries. Rates of violence are high in families with an elder person suffering from dementia; in these families punching, kicking, and other violent behaviors are high in both directions (Paveza, et. al., 1992). In the United States, the number of reported cases of domestic elder abuse nationwide, calculated by combining state reports and adjusting for differences in definitions and eligibility criteria, has increased steadily from 117,000 in 1986 to 296,000 in 1996 (Tatara, 1995; Tatara, Kuzmeskas, and Duckhom, 1997). 2-2-4Competing theoretical explanations of elder abuse Five major theories have been set forth in an effort to understand the causes of elder mistreatment. These theories include (a) the impairment theory, which advances the idea that elderly persons who have a severe mental impairment are most likely to be abused; (b) the theory of psychopathology of the abuser, contending that personality traits or character disorders cause persons to be abusive; (c) the transgenerational violence theory, which holds that violence is a learned normative behavior in some families; (d) the stressed caregiver theory, which examines the burdens a dependent elder places on the family; and (e) the exchange theory, which evaluates the effect of external influences upon the relationship between victim and abuser (Fulmer, 1998). Lachs fulmer (1993) reported seven leading theories or conceptual frameworks are used to examine the etiology of elder abuse. Of course, in addition to these seven theories, exchange theory has paid attention to the elderly abuse subject from the view of expenses and rewards that will be pointed out in the following of the seven theories. 2-2-4-1- Psychology of the abuser The first is psychology of the abuser, which refers to caregivers who have pre- existing condition that impair their capacity to give appropriate care. For example, a caregiver who has mental retardation or alcohol dependency may not be able to exercise appropriate judgment in care giving of older adults. This can ultimately lead to abuser neglect (Lachs fulmer, 1993). 2-2-4-2 Transgenerational violence The next Theory is related to transgenerational violence. According to this theory, elderly abuse can be a part of the continuing domestic violence that started with child abuse and elderly abuse will end. Little research has been done to obtain empirical evidence to support this theory, but the same number also emphasized on its importance. Another aspect of transgenerational violence relates to adult children that long time lived with their parents and children were abused then grow up and the elderly parents living with them are being abused. (Lachs fulmer, 1993). 2-2-4-3- Learning theory Finally, transgenerational violence has been explained in terms of a learning theory in that a child who observes violence as a coping mechanism may learn it and bring to adult life (Lachs fulmer, 1993). 2-2-4-4- Isolation theory National center on elder abuse and the American public human services association (1998) has reported isolation theory espouses that mistreatment is prompted by a dwindling social network. According to the National Elder Abuse incidence study about 25% of all elderly person live alone and even more interact only with family members and have little social interaction with the outside word. Isolated older adults are at the particular risk because there are no outsiders watching out for them, and they may not be identified by the healthcare system or reporting agencies until it is too late (Lachs fulmer, 1993). According to Godkin, Wolf, and Pillemer (1989), it is difficult to determine whether isolation is the result of mistreatment (family members or caregivers may be trying to hide the abuse from the outside word) or precipitating factor of abuse. 2-2-4-5- Identity Theory Other theories are role and identity theories. A synthesis of role theory and identity theory has provides an explanation of the effects of socially constructed roles and identities for the elderly. It assists in understanding how these socially constructed roles and identities may increase the elders vulnerability to abuse. 2-2-4-6- Role Theory In their classic text on role theory, Biddle and Thomas (1986) noted that one of the key characteristics of social behavior is the fact that human beings behave in ways that are different and predictable depending on their respective social identities and the situation. Key concepts of role theory includes: the identities that actors assume, the expectations for behavior of the actor that is mutually understood and adhered to by the individuals, and the social behaviors that are characteristic of the particular behavior. 2-2-4-7- Social exchange theory Another conceptual model that has been used to explain elder abuse has been derived from social exchange theory. Social exchange theory is based on the idea that social interaction involves the exchange of reward and punishments between at least two people and that all individuals seek to maximize reward and perform instrumental services. In fact, with increasing physical infirmities, the individual begins to require more and more in the form of instrumental services. Therefore, when one is old and infirm, violating the law of distributive justice is relatively easy. In addition, because of the losses associated with aging, the individuals potential to supplement social ties and to extend a personal power base is reduced. As a result, the individual becomes less able to reciprocate rewarding behaviors and less likely to have a choice about continuing unrewarding or punishing social exchanges with those who perform an instrumental service. Figuratively speaking, the elderly individual must begin to live on the credit accumulated over the years because there are few ways to replenish the bank. One outcome of the aging condition that Dowed predicts is that as the imbalance in power increases, the older person is likely to display more passivity and compliance and more withdrawing behaviors in an effort not to alienate the remaining few people who can provide rewards and services. 2-2-4-8- Situational theory Steinmets (1990) have explained situational theory, which is also referred to as caregiver stress. As care burdens multiply, they outweigh the caregivers capacity to meet the needs of the older adult; therefore, caregiver stress can overwhelm the situation. Elder abuse can be outcome. The situational model is the explanatory base that was the earliest devised to explain elder abuse. It also appears to be the most widely accepted at this time. Derived from the theoretical base associated predominately with child abuse and less strongly with other forms of intrafamily violence, this model has considerable intuitive appeal. In addition, among clinicians, this model has popular support, since its basic premise fit easily within an intervention framework. Very simply, the basic premise of the situational model is that as the stress associated with certain situational and/or structural factors increases for the abuser, the likelihood increases of abusive acts directed at a vulnerable individual who is seen as being associated with the stress. The situational variables that have been linked with abuse of the elderly have included 1) elder related factors such as physical and emotional dependency, poor health, impaired mental status, and a difficult personality. 2) Structural factors such as economic strains, social isolation, and environmental problems, and 3) caregiver related factors such as life crisis, burn out or exhaustion with care giving, substance abuse problems, and previous socialization experiences with violence. There is a lot of support to approve the situational model. It is obviofied us that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ burden of stress to caregivers makes more than overwhelmed and older abuse family members. Moreover, psychological model of child abuse and interfamily violence model which are highly related to structural and situational stress. Bring up the problem of older abuse. If gives a strong approval to use situational model for abuse among older people. Finklhor and Pillemer stated that there are some similarity between child abuse and elder abuse. They found this similarity in vulnerability of abuse victim and frustration in caregivers. Moreover, both child and elder abuse share the social context and are identified by healthcare professionals. They believe that the story is true for spouse abuse, too. Whatever the reason of abuse, it can be prevented. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.that shows that situational model is an applicable model for elder abuse. 2-2-4-9 Physical/Mental Dependence (Impairment) This theory is based on the belief that elderly persons who have a severe mental or physical impairment are most vulnerable to becoming abused.   In relationships where one person is dependent and another person is the helper or caregiver, there is always potential for misuse of power by the caregiver. Summary of theoretical explanations To explain the causes of elder abuse, some researchers in developed countries have viewed it as a problem of an overburdened caregiver (situational model), a mentally disturbed abuser (intra-individual dynamics), or a dependent perpetrator and dependent victim (exchange theory). Others have used learned behavior (social learning theory), the imbalance of power within relationships (feminist theory), and the marginalization of elders (political economy theory), or a lack of fit between the organism and the environment (ecological theory). 2-3- Review of experimental literature Phenomenon of the elderly abuse and its forms and causes are subjects that have been explored by sociologists, social psychologists and hygiene experts to find its visible and invisible dimensions. This part of the draft, as is clear from its topic, is discussing subject experimental literature about characteristics of victims. This literature involves all performed studies and researches in the form of governmental reports, organizational researches, bachelor, master, and doctoral theses that are cited according to the year they have been performed. No one explanation for the cause of elder abuse exists. Abuse is a complex problem which is rooted in multiple factors (Wolf, 2000). Caregiver stress and burden was once regarded as a major causative factor of elder abuse. However, Anetzberger (2000) discusses the complexity of elder abuse and the results of prior studies, which suggest that the etiology of elder abuse is multifaceted, and that caregiver stress and burden is not the only dominant risk factor. She stresses that the reality of elder abuse demands the development of new explanatory and intervention models (Anetzberger, 2000). A number of socio-demographic factors have been identified as possible contributors to elder abuse. Levine (2003) lists the following factors: intra-family stressors including separation, divorce and financial strain, ageism, increased life expectancy and medical advances that have prolonged years lived with chronic disease (Levine, 2003). Elders are abused in homes, hospitals, nursing homes and in other institutions (Nelson, 2002). Prevalence or incidence data on elder abuse in institutional settings are lacking despite the vast existing literature on issues of quality of care (Wolf, 2000). Most elder abuse and neglect takes place in the home and is inflicted by family, household members and paid caregivers (Smith, 2002). A survey conducted in one US state reported that 36% of nursing and support staff reported having witnessed at least one incident of physical abuse by another staff member during the prior year and 10% admitted to having committed at least one act of physical abuse themselves (Wolf, 2000). A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of new in- and outpatients conducted by a Montreal General Hospital Division of Geriatric Psychiatry in one calendar year, studied the prevalence and correlates of four types of elder abuse and neglect in a geriatric psychiatry service (Vida, Monks, Des Rosiers, 2002) Although this study was limited by a clinically derived and a relatively small sample size of 126 patients, it was reported that elder abuse and neglect was suspected or confirmed in 16% of patients studied. Living with non-spouse family, friends, or other persons in a non-supervised setting, along with a history of family disruptions by widowhood, divorce, or separation were significantly correlated with abuse, while statistically non-significant yet potentially important identifiers included female gender, alcohol abuse, and low functional status. Elders are most at risk from family members (Nelson, 2002). The perpetrator is a family member in two-thirds of known cases of abuse and neglect and was identified as adult children or spouses (National Center on Elder Abuse, 1998). Despite the popular image of elder abuse occurring in a setting of a dependent victim and an overstressed caregiver, there is accumulating evidence that it is neither ca regiver stress levels nor the dependence level of the victim that are the core factors leading to elder abuse (Wolf, 2000). It is now felt that stress may be a contributing factor in abuse cases but it does not explain the phenomenon (Wolf, 2000). Recent studies on the relationships between caregiver stress, Alzheimers disease, and elder abuse suggest that it is the long-term or pre-abuse nature of the relationships which is the important factor in predicting instances of maltreatment (Wolf, 2000). The mental status of the perpetrator which includes emotional, psychiatric, and substance a buse problems, the dependency of the perpetrator on the victim, and the lack of outside the home external support for the victim continue to emerge as elder abuse risk factors (Wolf, 2000). A cohort of 2,812 community-dwelling adults over the age of 65 from the

Margaret Sanger and the Fight for Birth Control Essay -- Contraceptives

Margaret's quest began long before she was known by the public. It started when she was just a young girl. As with most children, her parents were a large influence on her life, but in a way different than perhaps many others. Margaret's father provided her with all the mental tools she would need to succeed. A free thinker and outspoken radical, her father, Michael Higgins, influenced his young daughter to act the same way; to question everything and to stand up for what she believed in. Though Margaret loved her mother, she conceded that definetly her father was the major influence in her early life. Her mother however also had a large influence, yet not in quite the same way. Anna Sanger bore ten children other than Margaret, causing her to be both constantly pregnant and constantly sick, leaving little time for her children. Thus Margaret and her siblings were constantly forced to care for themselves. Anna died at an early age to TB which Margaret attributed to her multiple pregn ancies. It was then that she decided to become a nurse and start helping pregnant women. Working as a nurse in the ghettos of New York, Sanger became all too familiar with some horrible sights. She saw many women die of very preventable deaths due to child labor, and horrible methods of self-induced abortion. After seeing one woman die from a horrific attempt to give herself an abortion Sanger had decided that she had seen enough. It was too late for her to help these women when they came to her as a nurse. She felt she must attack the source of the problem, birth control. She stated, "I went to bed, knowing that no matter what it might cost, I was finished with palliatives and superficial cures; I was resolved to seek out the root of evil, to do s... ...re apt to accept the concept of birth control, if not completely embracing the idea. Her actions challenged the traditional way of thought and introduced concepts that shifted the course of American society. Works Cited 1. Coigney, Virginia. Margaret Sanger New York: Doubleday, 1969. 2. Gray, Madeline. Margaret Sanger: A Biography Of The Champion of Birth Control. New York: Richard Marek Publishers, 1979. 3. Kennedy, David. Birth Control in America : The Career of Margaret Sanger Boston: Yale Universtiy Press, 1970. 4. Marshall, John M.D. Catholics, Marriage and Contraceptions New York: Heligon Press 1965. 5. Parrish, Michael. Anxious Decades. W. W. Norton: New York, 1992. 6. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger, An Auto-Biography New York: Dover Publications, 1971. 7. Sanger, Margaret. My Fight For Birth Control. Farrar & RineHart: New York, 1931.

Eating disorders Essay -- essays research papers

I choose to do these weeks health paper on eating disorders. I myself have dealt with an eating disorder and know the effects it can have on those you love and yourself both physically and mentally. Bulimia and Anorexia are serious, functional eating disorders. There are a lot of similarities between the two, but the few differences differentiate the two. Anorexia is an eating disorder in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese. This person may eat little or nothing during the day, essentially starving themselves. This disease can cause a lot of damage to the body such as slowed heart rate, lowered body temperature and blood pressure, premature bone loss, loss of menstruation or irregular periods, change in body hair, grayish or yellowish skin and mood changes. According to several resources, approximately .5%-3.7% of females will suffer from Anorexia Nervosa in their lifetime. Bulimia is a person who binges and purges. The majority of bulimia nervosa patients are female. They will eat a large quantity of food in a short amount of time and then self-induce vomiting or will use laxatives or diuretics. They may also exercise compulsively. This person will can have damaged and discolored teeth, lung irritation, and muscle spasms, electrolyte imbalances that can lead to irregular heartbeats and heart failure and death. They may also have sores on the back of the hand that is for self induced vomiting. According to several resources, approximatel...

Essay --

Chris Layton 12 September 2013 Block 1 Rough Draft Drugs & Athletes During the advancement of technology, athletes have been able to get powerful drugs that help them during physical activity. These drugs are also banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). They use these drugs to give them a competitive edge to keep up with the competition. Some athletes have distinctive trait that some do not like having a gene that helps them perform like the ACE gene helps perform in long distance events. Other athletes that compete have to use performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) to be able to keep up with them and have a chance to win. Performance enhancing drugs, including blood doping, stimulants, and human growth hormone, should be prohibited because of moral and ethical concerns and the personal consequences to athletes. Performance enhancing drugs have been used since ancient times. The use of enhancement substances for sporting events dates back to the ancient Greeks and ancient Maya. () Performance potions were utilized by the Greeks to increase their abilities and cocoa leaves were thought to be used by ancient Maya. () Today, athletes will go to many lengths to increase athletic ability, including: steroids, HGH, Amphetamines, and even animal or human organs just as the Greeks did in their time. () The most common performance enhancing drugs or treatment is blood doping, stimulants, human growth hormone (HGH), and anabolic steroids. Stimulants are a generic term to describe various substances that are ingested by athletes into the human body for the purpose of increasing alertness or general physical performance. Common stimulants that have been typically utilized by athletes in various disciplines are caffeine, amphetamines, a... ...drugs and go suspended for one and a half seasons. Performance enhancing drugs are not worth all the problems they can cause and definitely not worth your fans losing respect for you because they’re the ones who support you throughout your years. Overall, the negative effects of PED’s overweigh the positive effects of the use and abuse of them. The head of sports made the right move to ban, performance enhancing drugs, including blood doping, stimulants, and human growth hormone, should be prohibited because of moral and ethical concerns and the personal consequences to athletes. Performance enhancing drugs granted give you an edge over your competitor, but later in life you will regret using them because it’s effects will still be there rather you’re still on them or not. The World Anti-Doping Agency made the right move to ban all substances that harm yourself.

Speech for Home work and special education teachers

‘This slide presentation is for a survey that I have undertaken. The survey is titled ‘A phenomenological Study of Homework from the position of simple particular instruction instructors of pupils with larning disablements. ‘ The hardy trades with the positions and experiences of instructors of pupils with larning disablements sing the value they place on prep. The value and the really capable of prep have been really controversial to many over the centuries since prep has been portion of the educational system in the United States of all time since schools were founded. In the 1800s, it was typical to hold 14-21 hours of prep given to pupils per hebdomad. It was during this clip that the value of prep started to be questioned. It was in 1897 that Dr. Joseph Mayer Rice questioned the construct of prep. Besides In the late 1900s a diary by the name Ladies ‘ Home Journal ran an article that rallied anti-homework protagonists who claimed prep was unhealthy and wa nted it abolished. In the 1920s The American Child Health Association conducted a survey that found out that kids could be negatively affected by prep. It was besides suggested in the thirtiess that prep was non just and infringed on household clip. Besides, the Society of the Abolition of Homework was founded. The 1940s saw an instruction displacement from boring jobs to problem-solving schemes. Following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, the U.S. Government faulted the deficiency of prep as the ground American kids were falling behind their Russian opposite numbers. In the 1960s the belief persisted that prep trumped all of import activities. The 1970s saw many political and cultural alterations that surrounded the Vietnam War and Civil Rights motion and one time once more homework went by the roadside. A 1980s study entitled, The State at Hazard stirred up instruction and reported that averageness was acceptable in schools. The No Child Left Behind statute law in 2000 took the phase , and schools began to experience force per unit area by the authorities to execute and put higher criterions. The demand for research is fueled by the fact that prep continues to be assigned to pupils and yet both instructors and parents and instructors question its effectivity and how it contributes to the pupil ‘s academic accomplishment. Many simple school instructors have different perceptual experiences and beliefs when it comes to giving prep to kids with larning disablements. Children with larning disablements may either non turn in their prep or non complete it. This would take to either the pupil neglecting the category or even in worse instances the pupil might drop out of school this is really apparent since surveies have indicated that kids with acquisition disablements are besides non graduating at the same rate as most of their schoolmates. Students with larning disablements lack to turn in their prep due to a twosome of grounds for illustration some assignments may be excessively long or excessively hard for them to understand while others may hold ill-defined waies. The whole survey is based on points of those who have been for or against prep. After I did thorough reappraisal of the related literature I found out that phenomenological surveies had non been conducted sing pedagogues ‘ histories of prep assignments, a spread that this qualitative survey addressed. Such diverseness of perceptual experiences and attitudes sing prep required a critical scrutiny of educational patterns and single instructor experiences with prep. I besides conducted a reappraisal by obtaining and reexamining multiple school territory policies sing rating prep and burdening the assignments in concluding classs. The consequences indicated that legion pupils are neglecting because they submit unfinished prep or make non subject any prep. Deductions from this survey may include alterations in the ways prep is assigned ( if it is assigned suitably ) and a reconsideration of rating processs. Deciding non to rate prep or perchance retracing and modifying prep assignment s for pupils with larning disablements could be a possible result of this survey. A secondary result might affect opening teacher treatments with decision makers about set uping prep policies in school territories every bit good as custom-making prep to the abilities of the pupils. Small research has been conducted on instructor positions and their ideas and feelings sing the prep assigned to the population of pupils with larning disablements. The information gathered in this survey will assist pedagogues and decision makers gain a better apprehension of the experiences, feelings, and ideas of instructors on prep. By leting instructors to portion their experiences, this research could lend to better professional development to fix instructors for progressively diverse scholars. Teachers ‘ preparations sing prep have besides been a concern with respect to decently composing custom-tailored assignments for pupils with larning disablements. A study coupled with an interview of more than 300 instructors was conducted and merely one person claimed to hold taken a class that focused on prep. In add-on, a instructor study was besides completed and merely 18 % had really attended professional development workshops on the subject of prep assignments can be created that are structured and tiered harmonizing to a pupil ‘s skill degree to assist further positive experiences in larning which in bend could ensue in a better entry rate of prep, higher go throughing rates in categories, every bit good as lower keeping rates and drop-out rates. So to paint a clear phenomenology was used to transport out the sturdy. The chief intent of this sturdy I undertook was to place the ideas, feelings, experiences and attitudes of the instructors of pupils with larning dis ablements in classs 3'6 sing the value, application, and creative activity of prep assignments. This phenomenological survey involved face-to-face interviews of instructors at multiple sites i.e. diners, diners, schoolrooms, conference suites. The choosing of the location of the interview was a affair of common convenience. The instructors were besides observed and anecdotal notes were taken. Teachers selected for this survey were those working in public school territories in the State of New York. These instructors had to hold been presently learning pupils with larning disablements in classs 3? 6 and had to hold had at least two old ages of learning experience. For the intent of the sturdy I conducted 13 interviews with the instructors who met the aforesaid demands. In order to enroll instructors for this survey I posted a publication on particular instruction web sites, instructor sites, and the Council for Exceptional Children. Participants were non compensated for the interviews. During the interview I easy gained and established resonance and trust with the aid of repeating how much this survey will help others and how much their sentiment agencies. Once resonance was established I explained to the respondents the demand of the digital tape recording equipment was explained. All inquiries were asked in the same order to compare informations consistently. The inquiries were concise, standardized, and open-ended to let for free ideas to happen from the participants. Once the interview was completed, participants were asked if they would wish to add anything. It was explained that their information will be kept confidential and that they will have a transcript of the typed transcript in the mail and to do any alterations, mark, and return to me. Known as member-checking, this process ensured that the reading made was free of any mistakes, and was concise and accurately reflected the message of the participant. Participants were assigned an alphameric codification to guarantee confidentiality. The intending units were so ranked, compared, and reduced from intending units to subjects and tracked utilizing a spreadsheet to cut down the information into identified subjects. Concepts and subjects that emerged from the interview procedure were compared and analyzed. Upon reexamining each written text, a content log of intending units were reviewed, and emerging subjects were recorded on an Excel spreadsheet. In this survey, accent was placed on the positions of the particular instruction instructors ; therefore, the result of this survey should hold an impact on the manner pupils with learning disablements are assessed, which may do instructors to reexamine their schoolroom prep policies and processs to outdo run into the demands of these pupils. In conformity with the intent of the survey to cognize the positions of instructors for the particular instruction sing their experiences in making appropriate prep assignments for pupils with larning disablements, six research inquiries were designed and developed by reexamining the related literature. The input, positions, and experiences of the instructors from their ain schoolrooms were really of import for understanding the ground prep is given. It besides gave a clear image on the value that teachers topographic point on prep, and the type of prep assigned. The inquiries for this survey were developed from the reappraisal of related literature. These inquiries are as follows: 1. What values do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 topographic point on prep patterns? 2. How do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 usage prep assignments? 3. To what extent do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 believe that prep contributes to higher academic accomplishment? 4. Why do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 assign prep? 5. What professional development preparation has instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 had in the creative activity of prep assignments? 6. What is the school territory ‘s policy regarding prep for the instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6? The response of instructors for the above inquiries is as follows: Question 1: The instructors interviewed responded that prep could be done at school. They responded that prep should be checked but non needfully graded Question 2: The instructors interviewed responded that they kept an docket book to maintain path of prep. They responded that math prep was the easiest to modify while spelling prep is consistent for all pupils. They besides responded that prep provides good support of earlier acquisition. Question 3: From the interviewees response there was the belief that prep contributes to higher academic accomplishment as prep increased academic accomplishment in pupils with larning disablements since it provides good support to what is learnt in category. Question 4: The instructors responded that they do delegate prep since it has great value in linking place and school. The instructors besides believe that prep lets parents cognize what their kid is larning in school. Question 5: The instructors responded that they had professional development developing specifically related to bettering prep assignments in footings of the sum, type, length and other best pattern facets of prep. Question 6: Most of the respondents are incognizant of school policy and that afterschool prep aid is provided to pupils who need the aid. From the findings of this sturdy I was able to come up with a few deductions of the position of instructors of pupils with larning disablements towards prep. These deductions have a direct bearing on the current usage of prep and how or if instructors make effectual usage of prep as an assessment tool or how they align assignments to run into the demands of their acquisition handicapped pupils. What is the value? Teachers value prep based on this survey. They value it so much that excess clip in school is utilized every bit good as resources and funding to provide aid to pupils to finish their prep. Homework is checked, but non graded and this is based on the fact that many instructors reported that they want a pupil to try the work and they do n't cognize how much or how small aid they are having at place. There is a gulf between prep assignments and lessons which seems to thwart the acquisition handicapped pupils every bit good as instructors. There seems to be no force per unit area to alter the current pattern or struggles with equals in relation to amount or type of prep assignments. Feedback is of import and valued every bit good as the instructors are looking to see if pupils are comprehensive to the stuffs taught in category. Sing the usage of prep assignments: Teachers felt a demand to utilize an docket or assignment tablet for learning handicapped pupils to be able to maintain path of their assignments. Two topics were outstanding in prep assignments: math and spelling. It appeared the ground for this was that they were the most easy to modify ‘ diminish the figure responsible for and it seemed that spelling was used because there was no clip in the school twenty-four hours to suit it in. The usage of prep assignments was to reenforce earlier acquisition and to assist with memory. Homework was non assigned on new constructs or constructs that had non been taught yet, it was purely to reenforce the day-to-day activities of the lessons at hand. ‘ of the instructors reported that parents do non portion their enthusiasm or value for prep and feel prep is lending to a loss of involvement in school so the usage of prep assignments is of import to a instructor but appears to be conflicting in the place environment. Does homework advance higher accomplishment? Harmonizing to most literature it does non. Learning handicapped pupils have organisational and attending jobs that besides interfere with prep completion and farther intensify the completion rate. Deficits in base accomplishments in larning handicapped pupils besides are a concern. A cluster subject appeared which identified that pupils non merely have larning shortages but besides have motor, organisational, hyperactivity, and attending concerns which further consequence their completion rate of prep and prep does non look to advance a higher accomplishment degree since return is bad and pupils seem to non be able to understand it without aid of instructors in excess plans. Why do instructors delegate prep? The chief ground is to chiefly reenforce the schoolroom direction. All agreed that no new stuff should be given to pupils to larn on their ain. Teachers like to see the advancement and feel parents/guardians in the place should besides assist to reenforce direction. However, ‘-3/4 complete prep and that is merely after aid in after school plans, during tiffin, deferral, and mentoring periods. It was besides found that pupils take more than an hr to finish their assignments and seem to fight with them. Sing research inquiry # 5: Professional development: Merely one subject emerged 11/12 had ne'er received any professional development on developing and making prep assignments. This is overriding as best patterns need to be explored to back up larning handicapped pupils in the schoolroom. Differentiation, alterations, and adjustments all need to be learned and applied to efficaciously use prep to its intended intent. The last research inquiry # 6: concerned with school territory ‘s policy. 100 % of participants were incognizant of school policy. It was either non shared by their current disposal or they did non cognize such a policy would even be. 10/12 stated that it is non policy, but have an unwritten regulation for after school support and other aid for pupils for prep completion. There appears to be a broad spread between instructors understanding of the difference of excessively much prep and the world of breaks and troubles faced by parents of larning handicapped pupils. The tradition continues. Teacher ‘s prep patterns do non correlate with related research. It is a simple common belief, although unsubstantiated in literature, that homework helps to stand out the pupil. Teachers in this survey underestimated the troubles that larning handicapped pupils face and miss support and preparation to help their students.The attitudes and beliefs of instructors had non been given sufficient consideration to find if instructors are portion of the root cause. There is a immense spread between existent pattern and best pattern. By utilizing this phenomenological attack to arouse the values, attitudes, and beliefs of particular instruction instructors about prep, these new disclosures filled in a spread in the literature to explicate why prep is a job for larning handicapped pupils and what instructors face on a daily footing. Recommendations: 1. Investigate standard policies and processs to see if they are compromising best patterns in prep assignments and appraisals. 2. Work together with regular pedagogues and particular pedagogues to invent an acceptable grade of alterations or alternate assignments for learning handicapped pupils that are individualized where pupils can run into success alternatively of experiencing defeat. 3. Training protocols should be put in topographic point at both the college degree and territory degrees for professional development to research best patterns by utilizing scientifically based appraisals and organisational tools to utilize with pupils. 4. Homework is one time once more with this survey brought into inquiry and argument and demands to be dramatically realigned and reassessed so we do n't lose our acquisition handicapped pupils. We do n't desire them dropping out of school. We do n't desire them being held back. We do n't desire them to go awol. We want them to be successful and turn their disablement into their ability concentrating on the positive properties they each bring as persons. Decision: Most participants espoused positive and encouraging beliefs on the importance of prep yet few seemed willing to do significant alterations to suit the acquisition handicapped pupil. This could be based on the tensenesss of inclusion, standards-focused policies, political force per unit area, or province appraisal force per unit areas. There is still a feeling that prep improves achievement and is portion of the American instruction tradition. Teachers are fighting, though, with happening ways to work with their acquisition handicapped pupils and make individualized, modified, practical prep for them. There is a spread between the current pattern and what best pattern is and this has been uncovered through the subjects utilizing this phenomenological method of research by researching the beliefs, attitudes, and perceptual experiences of this 12 New York province instructors. Based on the findings of the survey and the research conducted the survey assisted with acknowledging the adversities prep topographic points on both households and instructors, therefore oppugning the value of this century-old tradition in the twenty-first century. The survey besides determined the demand for custom-tailored, individualised assignments at the pupils ‘ ability degree, instead than at grade degree. Other than the academic benefits of prep there are besides non-academic benefits of prep. Homework helps transfuse duty for trying the work and conveying assignments back to category. Though there are benefits the pattern needs to be reformed in order to provide even for those with learning dis ablements. The survey besides shed visible radiation on the fact that pupils with learning disablements are happening it hard to get by with the velocity of the other able pupils. In this light hence there should be betterment of this sector and instructors excessively should be trained more to get the cognition of how to cover best with such fortunes of kids with larning disablements. The research has shed visible radiation on the fact that pupils with learning disablements are are happening it hard to get by with the velocity of the other able pupils. Obviously, that pattern is one that needs to be reformed. There should be more professional development preparations and a changeless reappraisal of policies and processs should be established by territories to guarantee that instructors are following proper protocol. ‘