Coffee, Tea And Chocolate In The Renaissance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1925 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? Today Europe is a hub of coffee, tea, and chocolate culture and production. Thus, many believe that coffee, tea, and chocolate has been in Europe since or before the Renaissance and that the popularity of these caffeinated commodities aided in the surge of great minds within the Italian Renaissance. However, is that really true, while working from 1300 to 1600 A.D? The aim, then of this general survey will be to find if there is a correlation between tea, coffee, and chocolate with the coming of the Renaissance The direct origin of coffee is fraught with legend and speculation but it is important in the story of how coffee ended up a global commodity.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Coffee, Tea And Chocolate In The Renaissance" essay for you Create order Abu al-Tayyib al-Ghazzi of the Arab tradition tells one of the oldest origins of coffee during the reign of Solomon. The story goes that Solomon was said to have come in his travels to a town whose inhabitants were afflicted with some unspecified disease. On the command of the angel Gabriel, he roasted coffee beans from the Yemen, from which he brewed the drink, which when given to the sufferers, cured them of their illness. It is then latter alluded that the origins of coffee were then immediately forgotten until the 16th century. Other tales involve outcasted priest doctors who forage on the beans to survive or a shepherd who noticed the vigor of his sheep and decides to try the odd fruit they had recently eaten. Regardless of the factual correctness that the myths no doubtingly lack, it is clear that coffee has an Arabic origin and was probably first cultivated in modern-day Yemen and Ethiopia. There is also strong evidence that coffee has a distinct connection to the Sufi Mystic Religion, prominent west of the Red Sea. The Sufi religion had relatively unique ceremonies that may have lead to their adaptation of coffee as a means of staying awake longer. The Sufi religion was and still stands as Islamic in base. It holds firm roots in not only Islam but philosophy, music, medicine, and most importantly alchemy. Alchemy was not just around to turn rocks into gold it was used by the Sufi sect to try and understand the spiritual quest for the transmutation of the human soul. Coffee was then first adopted, in the late 15th century, as a drinking substance by this sect, not only to help stay awake during lengthy night rituals but because the process of roasting these beans demonstrated their faith in alchemy. Coffee then became not only a physical substance but a religious affair. From here coffee quickly began to spread. From the mountains of Yemen, coffee went to Mecca, no doubt due to its religious influence. From there, coffee spread throughout the entire Islamic world even entering into Cairo within the 15th century. It would be easy to assume coffee made its way across the Mediterranean similar to the hop over the Red Sea into Mecca. Surly, coffee had the ability to directly influence Europe with its invigorating properties, now that it could flow out of the ports of Cairo and straight to Venice. However, there is a different story. Coffee probably did make its way back in small private collections but there was yet to be an international trade of co ffee like we see today. The issue of immediate trade was a religious one. Its common knowledge that Islam and Catholicism did not fare well together. Coffee was until the turn of the 16th century in Europe confined to the avant-garde, such as the students, faculty, and visitors at the University of Padua. Coffee was under attack during the reign of Pope Clement VIII as it was just recently brought into the realm by Venetian merchants. The claim was that the black substance was of the infidel and thus of the devil. Many urged its ban immediately, but Pope Clement VIII decided upon tasting the drink decided, itrs flavor and effect were so delightful that he declared it would be a shameful waste to leave it to the heathen. It was then in the year 1600 that coffee had made its official debut in Europe just after the accepted end date of the Renaissance being 1300 1600 A.D. Down with the idea of Renaissance Coffee; it simply did not exist in Europe with a large enough quantity to make a plausible impact. But what of the caffeinated bean known as chocolate? Many know its origins began in the new world alongside the Aztec Empire. It is even more commonly know that the new world was discovered in 1492 when Columbus sailed the ocean blue. Although 1492 is nearly 200 years old it seems it is a better contender than coffee. The origins of chocolate are then needed to understand its effects and circulation within society. Chocolate goes by another name still used today; coco is the current word but cacao can be traced as the roots and even more excitingly the word kakawa can be linked and traced to the word as late as 1000 B.C. This recent discovery is is thanks to the linkage of the word Cacao dating back to the native roots of the Mixe-Zoquean language group but most importantly to the Olmec Civilization. It was in the Olmec site of San Lorenzo that linguists could place the earliest record of the word, kakawa, within the Olmec period inferring that these people are the first to ever cultivate the cocoa bean. From here the story of chocolate in the Americas follows the path of most commodities. Chocolate is traded and the Mayans soon begin cultivating the Cacao plant. The Mayans while in the height of their power traded cocoa with the Toltecs in the 9th century and soon the drink was widespread and was even regarded as a form of currency amongst the Mayan dominion and later the Aztecs in the 12th ce ntury. Then the conquistadors arrived late on the onset of the 16th century and find the drink and product within their New-Spain. The diffusion of chocolate culture from Latin America to Europe is important. Not only because the old world had no cocoa plant to cultivate but because the old world was fiercely in competition with itself. Similarly to Islam and Catholicism, trade and secrets ran deep, especially between Portugal and Spain. This minute detail is actually the reason why coffee had a delayed and profound start through Europe. Christopher Columbus did indeed make the first contact with natives and from there the first shipment of cocoa reached Seville Spain in 1585. However, the important note here is that chocolate did not flourish throughout Europe instantly and with a great deal of certainty, due to Charles the V, chocolate remained almost completely isolated within Spain. Unfortunately for the hypothesis of chocolate aiding the renaissance during most of the 16th century, chocolate and the stimulating effects of its caffeine it holds remained a cherished Spanish secret. It was not until 1606 that Italy became the second country to enjoy chocolate that all of Europe began to enjoy its benefits. Thus, just like coffee, chocolate comes just too late to have aided in the plethora of thought throughout the Italian Renaissance. Next there is tea. Did tea have any correlation to the coming of the Italian Renaissance? Well, to start the origins of tea is in Southeast Asia, specifically China. No one is exactly sure when the Chinese started using plant leaves for beverage purposes. However, in Chinese legends they date the origin of tea back to 2737 B.C. under the reign of Emperor Shen Nung the Divine Healer. In reality, the first reliable mention of tea comes in the 317 A.D. by a general of the Chin dynasty, writing to his nephew Liu Yen, the governor of Yenchow in the province of Shantung, that he felt aged and depressed and wanted some real tu [tea]. Then in 350 A.D. the Chinese scholar Kuo Po gives the first definition of tea in his work, the Erh Ya. In Erh Ya, under the name of kia or ku tu the definition is a beverage is made from the leaves by boiling. For a long time tea was used solely as a medical beverage, eventually in the late sixth century A.D. the Chinese started to use tea as a regular drink. T ea became a very popular beverage to the Chinese for both medical and recreational purposes, to the point that tea leaves were an average trading item and people were developing different methods of preparing tea. Through trade, tea spread to the rest of the provinces in China, to Japan, and to India. According to William Uker in All About Tea, the knowledge of tea was probably introduced into the Island Empire along with Chinese Civilization, the fine arts, and Buddhism, about A.D. 593, in the reign of Prince Shotoku. Later on tea cultivation was introduced to Japan, which the Japanese ran with and began their own styles of cultivation and preparation. Japan is very important to how tea reached Europe. Tea was first mentioned in Europe during the mid 16th century, by a few merchants and multiple Jesuits on missions in Japan. In 1546, the merchant Jorge Alvares in a report writes about how the both Japanese nobles and ordinary people drank hot water mixed with herbs, which is the first European reference to tea. Tea continued to be referred to as hot water by the European merchants and the Jesuit missionaries in their reports and letters back to Europe. It is through Japan that tea is introduced into Europe. Dutch traders were the first to bring tea, mostly green teas, into Europe in the year 1610. With the first introduction of tea into Europe being after the end of the Renaissance period, it is therefore absurd for tea to have any correlation with the coming of the Renaissance. Nor did tea have any major influence during the Renaissance. Rather tea was popular after the end of the Renaissance and by the Enlightenment period, tea was one of the most sought after drinks, especially in England. In conclusion, coffee, chocolate, and tea does not yield a correlation with the Italian Renaissance. Although, all beverages were in existence before the Italian Renaissance, they were not in Europe until right at the end or after the end of the Renaissance. Anyone who says coffee, chocolate, or tea was a key feature of the Renaissance is mistaken and all they need to do is a little bit of research into the subject. Bibliography Coe, Sophie D., and Michael D. Coe. The True History of Chocolate. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013. Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2002. Preedy, Victor R. Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. Stella, Alain. The Little Book of Coffee. Paris: Flammarion, 2001. Ukers, William H. All About Tea. Vol. 1. 2 vols. New York: Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, 1935. https://archive.org/details/AllAboutTeaV1/page/n0. Varley, Paul and Isao, Kumakura. (1989). Tea in Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History. New York: Norton, 2005.  Secondary Bibliography Grivetti, Louis, and Howard-Yana Shapiro. Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009. Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol 1. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965. Massey, John L. Coffee: Production, Consumption and Health Benefits. New York: Nova Publishers, 2016. Weinberg, Bennett Alan., and Bonnie K. Bealer. The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the Worlds Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Amazon Kindle And Its Innovativeness Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Amazon Kindle The following parts of the paper will focus on the product innovation strategies and programmes behind the development of Amazon Kindle. The Amazon Kindle is an e-book reader designed by the multinational electronic commerce company Amazon. com. This device enables users to browse, read, and download digital books, magazines, and newspapers on wireless connectivity (Amazon. co. uk). An E Ink electronic paper display is used in this hardware device and this feature minimises the power usage to a large extent. This innovation has greatly assisted the Amazon. com to stimulate its business activities by offering improved shopping facilities to users. The company’s reports show that different user friendly features of this device have attracted a large number of new customers to Amazon. com Amazon Kindle: A Substantial Innovation Evidently, this product development process comes under substantial innovation. Substantial innovation assists a firm to bring dramatic changes in its business performance by exploring potential business opportunities that are likely to lead the industry with a competitive advantage over rivals. As experts point out, â€Å"substantial innovations are mid-level in significance both to customers who benefit from them and to the sponsoring company that believes they will significantly help the firm grow and create new wealth† (Tucker, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon Kindle And Its Innovativeness or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Although this type of innovation does not fall under the category of breakthroughs, it enables organisations to meet or exceed its goals for growing business, increasing market share, and lowering cost of operations. Under this type, substantial improvements in a firm’s existing product lines or services greatly aid the firm to achieve customer loyalty. It is expected that there would a considerable increase in the sales revenues of Amazon. com with the introduction of this new e-book reader. In the view of Epps (as cited in Shaer, 2011), the Amazon. com would sell between 3 and 5 million Amazon Kindle Fire (a version of Kindle) units before the end of 2011. Many other marketing experts strongly support this opinion by pointing to the fact that this device possesses a variety of competitive advantages over its competitive substitutes. It is widely expected that the newly designed hardware device would raise challenges to iPad, a tablet comput er of Apple Inc, because the Fire is about half the size of the iPad and it is sold at less than half the price of the iPad. The Amazon. com charges a price of $199 for the Kindle Fire whereas the cheapest iPad is sold for $499 (Yahoo Finance, 2011).

Blood Pressure Regulation - 1269 Words

Blood pressure regulation and changes occurring after increase in blood pressure Each time the heart pumps, it sends blood all over the body to supply organs and tissues with oxygen and nutrients. The strength of the force created as the heart pumps blood into the vessels together with the vessels’ resistance to the blood flow is defined as the body’s blood pressure (Darovic, 2002). A normal range blood pressure (BP) must be between 100-130mmHg systolic (when the heart is beating) and 60-90mmHg diastolic pressure (between heart beats) (Sherwood, 1997). Many factors can change blood pressure, including exercise and diet. The regulation of BP within the body is tightly maintained by nerves, hormones and renal control in relation to three†¦show more content†¦These signal messengers will rapidly communicate with the autonomic neural system, in order to decrease sympathetic influence on the heart and blood vessels and increase parasympathetic activity, so that mean arterial blood pressure returns to its normal. By releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach), parasympathetic nerves will decrease the frequency of the action potentials of the sinoatrial (SA) and the atrioventricular (AV) nodes, found in the heart. This mechanism will decrease cardiac output by reducing the number of heart beats and the organ’s force of contractions (Milnor, 1990). Parasympathetic activity will also expand vessels, decreasing their resistance to blood flow and therefore decreasing total peripheral resistance. As veins get wider, they will retain blood causing a reduction in venous return to the heart. Decreased amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (period between contractions of the heart) will consequently decrease cardiac output and blood pressure (Constanzo, 2012). Electrolytes such as sodium and chloride are essential as they help to maintain body’s water balance. However, excessive dietary intake of salt increases the amount of water retained by the body and as a result increases blood volume (Thomas and Bishop, 2007). When the heart senses the rise in blood volume, atrial and brain-type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) are synthesized and released. TheShow MoreRelatedBlood Pressure Regulation By Christopher B. Evans2294 Words   |  10 PagesBlood Pressure Regulation Christopher B. Evans AHPH-545, Salisbury University Introduction Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels and usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation. 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The effective function of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems is essential in the control, communication and movement of the body. Cindy Openshaw’s case of Type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a negative influence of the successful function nervous and musculoskeletal systems. In regards to Cindy Openshaw, the functioning of her nervous and musculoskeletal systems willRead MoreAn Individual’S Health Is Dependent Not Only On The Behavioral1330 Words   |  6 Pagesimplementation of health interventions were smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.15 It is important to note, however, that while the Finnish people did display a high risk for CVD based on a few key risk factors, they did not exhibit other risk factors for the condition, such as inactivity or obesity.9 The aforementioned immediate risk factors prevalent within Finland were strongl y correlated to the lack of smoking regulations and influence from the powerful diary industry in the countryRead MoreChronic Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure And Risk For Development Of Coronary Heart Disease1469 Words   |  6 PagesBackground information Heart rate is defined as the number of contractions the heart carries out in one minute. Blood pressure has two measurements: systolic blood pressure, or the pressure exerted on the artery walls during cardiac systole, and diastolic blood pressure, or the pressure exerted on the artery walls during cardiac diastole (American Heart Association, 2014). Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer in millimeters of mercury, or mmHg, whereas heart rate is measured using aRead MoreLiterature Review : High Blood Pressure1107 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review High blood pressure, also known as Hypertension (HTN), is the most predominant culprit to global morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence varies with age, race, lifestyle, family history, obesity, stress, environment and certain chronic conditions. Although there is a decrement cases noted over the last decades, the prevalence in children and older adults has significantly increased in both developed and developing countries, hence, constitute an alarming public health concernRead MoreTypes Of Hypertension And Secondary Hypertension1434 Words   |  6 PagesPathophysiology The amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance the arteries have to blood flow determines the blood pressure. High blood pressure results when the heart pumps more blood through narrowing arteries. There are many physiological mechanisms involved in maintaining a normal blood pressure, and the upset of any of these mechanisms may play a role in the development of hypertension (Beevers, Lip, O’Brien, 2001). Normal blood pressure for adults is a systolic readingRead MoreA Vasoplegic Syndrome Case997 Words   |  4 Pagesinvasive blood pressure and central venous pressure monitoring. Patient had an uneventful intraoperative course till about 3hrs into the intraoperative period when a gradual fall in blood pressure to 60/40 mmHg was noted despite central venous pressure being maintained between 10-14cmH2O and only about 300ml of operative blood loss. The reduction in systolic pressure did not respond to crystalloid fluid boluses. Hence a decision was made to start dopamine and noradrenaline. Blood pressure did notRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbody alike. Hypertension occurs when an individual has abnormally and excessively high blood pressure, in which stress is highly related to. High blood pressure can be perilous because it makes the heart work even harder in order to pump blood into your body, which ultimately leads to heart failure or other illnesses such as kidney disease and strokes. Approximately 29% of Americans suffer from high blood pressure; alluding to one in three adults having hypertension. 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Views on Curtural Globalization - 1040 Words

In the past, it was really hard to spread a culture one country to around the world. However, nowadays, we enjoy music, food, movies, and practice other religions from different cultures around the globe. This is all due to cultural globalization. Cultural globalization is spread of ideas and values via Internet, popular culture, international travel, and immigration. Immigrations are one of the best methods to spread a culture because the immigrants can practice their culture everyday and share with the natives. Unfortunately, however, there are three contending views of cultural globalization and I decided to examine the views in London and in Strasbourg. The first view is that the racism always follows the immigrants. In London,†¦show more content†¦Western argues, â€Å"their parents, perhaps projecting their own anxieties, sometimes verbalize concern about their British-born children’s alleged lack of belonging† (Western, 262, 1992). However, for the secon d generations, it is a different story. Their home is where they are born and raised, England. Western states, â€Å"When I’m in Barbados, I say to one of my friends, I’m going back home tomorrow. I don’t say I’m going back to England. No, I’m going back home, because I live here. I’ve spend more of my years outside it [Barbados]† (Western 259, 1992). The immigrants from North Africa in Strasbourg have similar concerns regarding their â€Å"home†. They consider their home to be Strasbourg whether they are first generation or second generation. The first generation had stayed in Strasbourg too long. Their children and grandchildren were born in Strasburg and because they stayed in Strasbourg, they don’t have any friends back in their homeland (Western, 199, 2012). From these there views, the racism is best interpretation of experiences of immigrations of newcomers in both London and Strasbourg. In London the immigrants ex perienced racial discrimination against them. For example, in London, drunken white passenger in a bus harassed a black man and when the police came, the police mistreated the black man by saying, â€Å"get down the fucking stairs† and never gave an apology (Western, 221, 1992). However, the racism in London is lessened according

Freedom Writers Reflective Free Essays

Freedom Writers Reflection The movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† has many differences and similarities between various cultures. In Mrs. G’s classroom there are several mixed cultures and gangs in the class. We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom Writers Reflective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of the cultures sit with what is their culture and gang. None of the cultures communicate with each other but only talk about one another and how much they hate each culture that is not their own. Each individual in the classroom has to deal with his or her own problems outside of school and home. For example Ava has to deal with a shooting that happened at a gas station with her father. She knows that her dad and his gang did it but the cops think that another black man in the gas station did it. She has to go on trial and tell her story of what she saw. In the end she tells on her father and she almost dies because what she did was disrespectful to her and her fathers gang. Even though the gangs and cultures don’t see eye to eye in the movie they all have things in common. They are all in gangs, each have their own stories to tell, each deal with the shooting of others and their friends, each want to communicate to others, and each want to be respected. Not a single person believes in these students except Mrs. G and Ms. Gies. When the students get to meet Ms. Gies they each get to listen to her story and each of theme realize that they can communicate and get along with other cultures no matter skin color, gang member, or even past history. Each student wants to share this with other students and other cultures and Ms. Gies can see this and she knows that the students will eventually tell their story and reach out to others. That these students are heroes willing to step out of the comfort zone and go beyond others. That is why they are heroes in her eyes. On the other hand there is the department of chair and honors teacher whom doesn’t believe in these students. They don’t understand the different culture and gangs. They only believe in their culture. They think that each culture is the same and that is that each student is dumb and will end up dropping out of high school or be dead. They don’t think that these students are worth anything. The main person that does believe in theses students are Ms. G. she takes the time to understand each and every student’s culture and personalities. She doesn’t think that her culture is any better than any other culture. She believes in these students and pushes them to do their very best. She knows that they are smart and can do better than what others think. She teaches the students about the holocaust because it is similar to their real lives that they are living now. Each culture wants to take over the other and become the best. It is genocide to them. She gives them a book to read that is not their level but just because she knows that they are interested in learning about this past history and how it relates to them they read it and understand it. Ms. G is an amazing teacher because she helped to change the student’s lives around. She saw the spark that they each had and she pushed them to reach out and speak out to other students and other cultures. She never gave up on the students but only believed in them. She helped get all their academic grades up, and most of all got the different cultures to communicate. She helped them to set the example for the future. This movie relates to real life. In the work field you will be working with many people from many different cultures. You cant be biased of any person cultures or not communicate with different cultures. Get to know the other person culture you may be surprised how much you have in common with that person and their culture. How to cite Freedom Writers Reflective, Papers

Ethical Staff Practices for Australian Hotel Industry

Question: Write about theEthical Staff Practices for Australian Hotel Industry. Answer: Introduction The hotel industry in Australia is one of the most competitive sectors of the economy. The country is associated with over 10,000 hotels in different categories. The sector, therefore, employs thousands of workers directly while others access jobs indirectly through the extended supply chain framework (AHA, 2010). The highest source of revenue for most of the hotels is the sales from liquor, which accounts for over 50% of the generated profits. On the other hand, hotels with gambling units enjoy over 30% income from the different activities associated with the established facilities (AHA, 2010). Moreover, the total expenditure of hotels in the Australian economy averages to $515.6 million annually, which explains why the sector is a major contributor to the GDP of the country. The level of competition emanating from the local and global trends and the changing customer expectations has generated the need for an advanced approach to hotel management, which span through strategic plann ing and development, client services, and sustainable human resource management (Nankervis, 1990). Moreover, the industry is subjected to regulations that govern the operability of the corporate affairs such as the interrelation with the customers, the suppliers, the shareholders, the states, and the employees. The existence of the regulations ensures that the operations of the hotels are within the local and international quality requirements (AHA, 2010). Such tendencies are mandatory for all investors in the sector irrespective of the scale of exploitation. One of the key concern in the sector is the contribution of employees to the level of success needed to generate growth and high revenue. Therefore, the big concern in the industry is an approach to human resource management that can encourage employee motivation and commitment to transform the performance outcome (Baum et al., 2016a). This paper presents a critical literature review regarding the level to which the hotel sector in Australia is practicing ethical staffing requirements. The paper looks at four key research pub lication regarding ethical staffing practices in the hotel industry in the country, where the discussion is based on the following two hypotheses. H1: A fair treatment of all employees occur within the five-star hotels in Australia. H2: Unethical and illegal practices of employing students prevail in Australian hotel industry. Ethical Staffing Practice in Hotel Industry The operations of hotels in Australia and other countries are governed by the enacted code of ethics relevant to the industry. One of the key guideline adopted among the developed economies is the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism and Hospitality Sector among the European countries. In Australia, the hotel sector is required to adhere to policies that guarantee effectiveness and ethics based on the interaction with the stakeholders. The Australian hotel investors are therefore required to ensure that the customer satisfaction is effective through efficient service and safety operations, employees are satisfied through the safe working environment, and that the suppliers and shareholders are contented through sustainable engagements. Worth pointing out is that the relationship between the management and the employees in the hotel sector in the country are bound to requirements such as privacy, confidentiality, employee rights and privileges, safety and health, and fair compensation. The Australian Hotels Association has been instrumental in assisting the investors to adhere to the set standards and measures as described in the National Policy Industrial Relation codes. The organization plays a critical role in policy implementation in the country. Therefore, AHA plays a crucial role in developing, encouraging, and ensuring fair workplace relations that do not exploit employees (AHA, 2015). Moreover, the association protects the needs and interests of investors in the sector against unhealthy regulations. Scholarly Review Baum and the colleagues from major European countries (2016) carried out a thematic analysis of the correlation between sustainability needs based on the United Nations targets and the tourism and hospitality workforce. The scholars evaluated how the need for sustainable workforce and human resource practices in the hotel sector in the main countries such as Korea, China, Scotland, Australia, Malaysia, and New Zealand has been a dimension of the economy that has been neglected over the years (Baum et al., 2016). The researchers pointed out how the hotel sector employees are vulnerable to human resource malpractices. Worth revisiting is that the employees in the hotel sector across the globe have been facing staffing challenges such as the poor working environment, lack of concern for gender and minority groups, overdependence on seasonal jobs, lack of established career structure, escalated labor turnover, and low work status (Wood, 1997; Lucas and Deery, 2004; Baum, 2007; Baum, 2015; Kusluvan et al., 2010; Baum et al., 2016b). The factors identified in the research had also been documented in other analysis specific to different countries. The level of implementation of the intervention mechanisms to guarantee sustainable human resource practice in the hotel sector has been contrary to the increasing challenges as noted in Australia and Scotland (Solnet et al., 2014). Moreover, Nankervis (1993) examined the factors that are critical in enhancing the level of productivity in the Australian hotel sector. The study looked at the role of human resource management in improving the output of the industry. The research revealed that several factors have contributed to the inability of the sector to enhance the performance of the economy. Some of the identified shortcomings were market instability, oversupply accommodation, and human resource practices that limited employee productivity. Other factors such as gender imbalance and poor working environment also featured as elements of a degrading human resource management approach (Nankervis, 1993). On the other hand, Poulston (2008) reviewed the working conditions of an employee in the hospitality sector. The study was based on the views of employees regarding their dissatisfaction levels. The evaluation process included the exploration of the hotel workplaces with the objective of determining the unfair practices, unethical activities, and illegal dealing and process that jeopardize the working environment. The study revealed how most hotels did not prioritize the hygiene factor for employee safety and health. The scholar also showed, based on qualitative analysis, how motivational interventions have little influence on performance and commitment of employees whenever their health and safety are at risk (Poulston, 2008). Furthermore, Paulston (2010) also examined the implication of ethics in commercial hospitality based on the contribution and responsibility of the hotel managers in ensuring ethical standards. The research included the evaluation of the ethical problems associated with the hotel sector in the country. The study identified poor pay, unsafe working environment, sexual abuse among female staff, neglect, and lack of motivation as part of the unethical human resource practices that are overlooked in the hospitality sector across major economies such as Australia, New Zealand, Korea, and China (Paulston, 2010). The study concluded that the managers are aware of the unethical practices but are reluctant to take corrective measures. Critical Review and Emerging Trends The above studies have provided analytical details regarding the level of ethical practices in the hospitality sector. The studies have shown how the human resource approach in the hotel industry has been associated with several unethical practices. The working environment has been characterized by poor measures to encourage employee productivity. However, the level of implementation of the ethical practices differs based on the scale of operation of the hotels. Depending on the nature of the hotel sector in Australia, organizations can be classified into small scale and large scale enterprises. Most of the organizations operating on limited capital and market coverage find it a challenge to adhere to staffing ethics because of the cost of operation. Such tendencies encourage the increase in unethical behaviors. Moreover, in line with the qualitative analysis of the scholarly publications, business operating on high capital of investment such as the five-star hotels have the capacity to incorporate modern employee management practices that improve the working environment and the rate of turnover relevant to the targeted output. On the other hand, the existence of ethical malpractice in the sector can be linked to the nature of recruitment and retention associated with the organizations approach to human resource management. The research evaluation pointed the high number of female employees. The rate of discrimination and harassment is, therefore, a common phenomenon. Moreover, some of the organization have resorted to employing students through the work-study programs. The part-time employment of college students has encouraged the development of unethical practices such as poor remuneration, limited employee development approaches, and abuse of workers rights and privileges. Furthermore, most firms have inclined towards the hiring of semi-skilled workers based on the lower level of pay they will demand as opposed to trained professionals. The variability is seen for most small-scale hotels when compared to the five-star investments. Therefore, the possibility of unethical practices being advanced towards the uninformed workforce is high. Such tendencies are encouraged by the existence of poor sensitization programs within the working structure, which promote the prevalence of unethical staffing practices. There is a need for a comprehensive work structure to ensure that the employees are aware of their rights and privileges to understand their working environment and contribute towards safety, health, and development of workers and the organization. Furthermore, Paulstons studies in 2008 and 2010 pointed out the effect of human resource management approach. The conclusion of the survey showed that the administrators and managers have the tendency to neglect the implementation of corrective measures regardless of being aware of the unethical human resource practices. Factors such as the cost of implementation especially for small hotels as well as the perception of employees as a liability rather than an asset has encouraged such inclinations (Poulston, 2008; Poulston, 2010). However, the studies did not point to the negligence of the employees regarding the prevalence of unethical staffing practices in the hotel sector. The study only looked at the contribution of the manager in advancing the ethical malpractices. Employees may consider working in hostile environment whenever the option of leaving the job or raising the concerns regarding their experiences may jeopardize their job security. Such possibilities could also emanate from the lack of qualifications to seek alternative opportunities. Therefore, employees may choose to persevere the conditions, which is a situation the management can take advantage and neglect implementing transformational changes to improve working conditions. Such tendencies could explain the increasing hiring of college students and existence of part-time jobs in the sector as a measure to cut down the cost of operation. Conclusion In conclusion, the Australian hotel sector is one of the advanced hospitality industries in the world. The sector contributes to the economy development through employment and revenue generation. The existence of regulations regarding the framework of operation in the hotel sector is meant to ensure that the activities and the interaction between the business and the stakeholders are based on ethical standards. However, the Australian hospitality industry is associated with staffing malpractices that are against the employee-business guidelines. Although the five-star hotels and others operating on significant capital and serving extended size of the market have adhered to the required standards, some small hotels employ students and refer part-time employment as opposed to job security for the hired workers. 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